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DATE. DUE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  MASSACHUSETTS 
LIBRARY 


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The  following  is  a  portion  of  a  bulletin  Wnich  was 
published  by  A.  D.  Taylor,  in  connection  with  work  done  in  the 
graduate  school  on  the  subject  of  general  propogation  of  trees 
and  shrubs. 

The  material  is  not  coiaplete  and  I  am  having  it  bound  simply 
for  use  as  reference. 


BRAR 


UNIVERSiTY  OF 
MASSACHUSETTS 


Al^HERSt,  MASS. 


^^^yi$^  «^')^<y*='  '^^^S'^-^  <sg.<x)A\\i.y\;^ 


INDEX. 

page. 

Bibliography.  , 891. 

CUTTINGS ; 

advantages  and  disadvantages  of  growing  from, 10. 

oare  of,  after  rooted 40. 

classes  of, 35. 

conditions  of  temperatiure  for, 59. 

deoidiious  vs. conifer,    . 34. 

hardening  off  and  transplanting,    41. 

Juvenile  vs.matiu?e  foras 37' 

laediijm  for  the  striking  of, 58. 

methods  of  making,    .....    34. 

rooting  of,   . 41. 

rules  for  the  selection  of,  . 36, 

time  of  taking, 37. 

various  types  of,  ......  35. 

Descriptions  of  the  fifferent  lots  used  in  the 

experimental  work, ,  .  185-?.04, 

DISEASES  OF  CONIFER  SEEDLINCrS; 

damping  off, 51. 

insect  injuries, 51. 

rotting  in  cutting  bed,  . 40. 

diseases  of  Scotch  Pine  seedlings,   .  .  .  .51. 
Effects  of  frost  upon  the  ability  of  the  cutting 
to  atrike  roots, S09. 


<5. 

INDEX, 

page. 

Germination  of  tree  seeds,  ,  Ctab3,©) 133, 

GRAFTING; 

care  of  the  plants  after, 48, 

cleft  vs. veneer  grafting,  .  ,  , 47, 

gathering  of  the  soions,  .,,,....,.  45. 

importing  of  seedlings  for,  , 44, 

methods  of, applied  to  the  conifers,  .  ,  ,  .  .43,47, 

methods  of  raaKing  the  graft, ,  .  47. 

preparing  the  stocks  for,  ,,.,,,...  45. 

season  (G^or, 44, 

objects  of,  , 11, 

stocKs  used  for,  .  ,  , 50, 

History  of  the  art  of  propagation,  ...,,..  3, 
Height  of  seedlings  in  one  year,  .  ,  ,  .  .(table)  135, 

Large  vs. small  cuttings, 208, 

Length  of  year's  growth, in  the  older  conifers,  ,  .14. 
Market  price  of  tree  seed  (1898)  (table)  ....  1S9, 
Number  of  seed  per  ounce  and  the  length  of  the 

seed  drill  covered,  ,  ,  (table)  , 137. 

Nurseries, propagating  conifers,  ,  ,  .  18, 

PROPAGATION, ; 

for  commercial  vs, botanical  piirposes,  ...  IS, 
methods  of, used  in  various  genera  of  conifers 

Abies,  ,  ,  ,  . 57, 

Araucaria, , 60 , 

Oedrus, 61, 


-4r 


INTjEX. 

page, 
SEEDS ; 

age  of  trees  from  which  to  collect,  ....  16. 

depth  of  covering, 35. 

early  vs. late  maturing  eeefts,  18. 

gen '1. considerations  in  growing  from,  ,  .  .  .19. 

matiire  vs. immature  $ 14. 

methods  of  sowing,  ......  81, 

inoistiire  conditions  of  seed  bed, g4. 

nattire  of  the  soil  in  which  sown, 20, 

period  of  germination,  , 24. 

protection  of  seedlings  in  winter.  85. 

talcing  of, from  the  cones, 17. 

time  of  collecting, 15. 

variations  in  the  size  of, 18, 

where  to  collect, 16. 

SHADING; 

methods  of, 

lath  screens, 26, 

brush  screens,  ,    . 27. 

cloth  screens,  , 28. 

litter, 27. 

shed  screens,  ......  28, 

whitewash, , 28, 

length  of  time  to  shade, 29, 


V,-' 


Thf^   foremost    object   of  the   experimental  work  has   Veen  to 
determine  the   medium— *inclu<1infy  lr>ot":    sand   and  teiaperat\rr e  con- 
d.lt ions--'in  ■^'hich   "i./ie  differ^mt  types  oa^  ciittin(.^s  succeed  to 
"be s t   advantage .        0 '; h  :r  f  act o  vs  wh  i cli  h  sere  l^p.  e r.c o n3 ider r d 
seoondarilv  are    : 

1,   The   relatlv;;    ability   of    outtiri'^f?,    f-royr.  -^vc   different 
apecies   ijnd  va.riet ies,    to    shrike  rootB, 

Z,   Advantages   of   large    and   Bmall  o.uttinp:s,    and   tl'f    best 
t;,''pf',   for   c oirurie re i -il  propar-'ators, 

?>.  Iffeot   of  frost   upon   the   ability  of   th"    o\xttinf>s  to 
strike  root,'?. 

Considering  first  iln^    noeflx^xm   in  vv)-' ich    c^ittings   do  ba^tj 
we  will  at   nnoe  see  tha.t  for   each  and  every  type  of   cntting 
the-'-e    is   no   one   oonditioxi  of    'f-impera.ture  and  sTioiBture   condi- 
tif/ns,   whic}'-   is  HiOKt  favorablf:  to   all.        l^yor<.  Isck  of  'fiore 
cxtenaive  expfn-iMevits  and   tire   sJl)ilit>'   to   d?»fiir!.dlf-'ly  control 
the   degree  of    boip  .-"u-jd  bottojij  v-eat   the.  conclusions    in  tb.is  res- 
pect   can  bo;   \>xit   general    in  their   Bnopr. .        Howercr  by  an  exarai- 
nation  of   Tablea  1   ''5nd  2   it  will  be   seen  that   for   s,   amall 
cutting  of  this  type   tlie   ]iA:''her     degj-ees  of  t  ernpf  ratiire ,    the 
finei'   f}!^A   and  shorten-   callus  inn;   period   are   bf-B''   ad  apt  (•■.d  to 
rooi.   growth    }    In  Tables   3  and  9   it   will  be   seen   that   the 


higher   teiripero.tiirr,    coarsor   sand  and   longer  calliising  period 
are  l:)€st  adapted  to  tlie  root    growth  in.  sue}),  cuttings.        The 
niim'ber   of  euttlaf.:^   'osed  in  Tafile    9  was  vtij-y  limited,   hence  the 
repJoltB    ■oa-e    simply  relativ:e    in  vs,liie,        Tlie  figure,-)   in  Tahles 
4,    5;    8  aji;.^    10   Bho'^  that,    .girojectiji^^  to   lo'sv  teffipf-ralnor c;    condi* 
tions  for    too   long    a  perj.od,    as  well  c-;..s  watering  t,o   excess,   arc 
factors  which   greatly  retard  thf;    gro^i:ii  of  tl-n   crittin,:?.        The 
lower   ■'•}".e    teinp^-rature  of  tht'.    propagating'  hc^uie,   within  certain 
li.'T!its--thf;   rnoT'f!   cBj-ablp,   are  ct^tttn':?!?   to  resiat   adveri:5K  condi- 
tions   ;   hut   ^.hfi-.y  will   not    strilce  roo's    italesH   giren   a  higher 
temperatxir*^  which  is   moj'e  favorable   to    .grorirrth.        After  the 
necessary  p-rriod  reqnik-ed  for  calliisinp;   is   orer   greater  care 
sho'Tld   then   t)?;    exercised  to    obtair;   t'rv;.   fcest  resales.        The 
photo.'Ti-aphF'.    lncludin.5;  Plates 

sho«.'   for  t"h>~;msQlva3  -ilin   effects  of   teravjeratiire,    sand  and  racis- 
tur*^:   conditicne  upon  root  in ■-  povirer  of   variouii  cuttings, 

1,  Relative  Abilit-.y   of  various  ciittings  rq  strike   roots 

By  exairiininf^  t.he   tahle. ;5   and  th'--    vhotof^i  ajfxis   it    is   easily 
seen  that  thers  exists  a.  wide   Tar:Lat ion   in  the   ability  of 
cuttings  frorti  different    genera,    spsf^cieB   and  ever,  varieties   in 
their   pon'er    of   strikin"  roots ,        li   nee.ms   strange  that   there 
Should  he   s"3.ch  a   difference   in  t}':iB  rf^jspect,    iis   is  ofter.  mani- 
fested   In  ^nany  varieties  of    vh^,    s^mrie    species.        The    juvenile 
and  raatnre  forms  as   pointed  out.   un'-'er    the    chapter  on  C"at  tings, 
vary  i^-patly   in  t]  is   phase  j   this   is   illiistrated  hy  compr  ing 
Platen    (      (    arid   (      ( .        Prom  the   legend   accorayanylnp;  these 


fc5.i  ^ 


! 
V. 


plates  it  will  be  seen  that  the  root  dareloprarnt  attabaed  "by 
the  forraer  ,  is  fai'  gi'eater  tlian  that  sg^en  in  the  case  of  the 
mat-are  formB   of  t3ie   Barae   sp'cios, 

No    genus  cari  be   said,  to  v,f-.   more  difficult   to   root,    under 
favoraT;)le  conditions,    than  another.        There   are,    how-V'^  r  ,   cer* 
tain   species ;  vhich  rIiov;  a  jnajOced  rlif ier.";nne    in  tlds   rbspect    ; 
and   cs   a  result    of  PAy  expov  iance  yjitl.'    t3ieir  projiapratior. .    I 
have    placei   fhe.jn  in  the    fo  llo'-vinfc  orde.i-,    coinmenc  inp;  with   the 
iiiost    easily  rooi-ed  and   endinfi  v;lth  t'osc  wliich    are      tiir.   siost 
difficult  to  root  or  callus, 

ycry  Ba.£3lly  Rooted 

Thuya  Oc  ci  de nt al  is  var ,  llovey i  i 
Thuya  Oocidentalis  var,    Slherica 
Thuy^  GlohosA 

Thuya  Orisntalir,   va:--.    Pyramidalis 
Cu.pre3srtS  La^rsoniaai a 
nharaaecypsa-  i  s  Pi  sif e  ra 
.Tunipertis  v'^oinmunifi   var,.  Pr ostrata 
Charcaecyparis  Squarros  a 

"fediiJTo  EftBily  Rooted 


Charflaecypar  is  Pis  if  era  var,   Pli.taiosj 
Ju.nipe)'ng  Conmianis  var,    FiDernica 
J-ATiipev-us  Cornraunis   Aurea 
TaxiiS  Kapundia 


Din' ic- lit   to  jvoot 

I'huya  OoGid£:ata3. is  Tax'.  v/ajTiana 
Juniperus  Vir  giiiiana 
Biot;-^  Oriental  is 
Chamae cypar  is  OL-l ub a 
•Tunipf-iruB  Sabina  (inaturp    forxfi) 
Taxijs   Cusp  11  at  a 
Taxas  Baccata 

Thf.   forego in.o;  list    inclvfies  only    a  few  of   the   nore    cotmnon 
spficieo   and  Tarieties  which  showed  marlced   differmc.s   in  this 
rf^.  spect, 

2.   Advantages   of  Lai\'-r.    and   sjnall    cirfctings 

As   seen  in  t]\e   platen.,    the   root    system  forned  Ify  the 
lars^-r   tyv.es  of   cuttings  v'?J. ch  ars    included   in  tlu.    f.li'Bt  part 
of   tlic   list    io   aliTiOSt  as    jp-eat   as   that   fcrstied  'by  the  aiualler 
types.       Witf-  cuttings  vs-hicl..  loaturaily  root  Ytry    easil.     it   is 
hy  t-iy  better    to   rt.prodrir.e,     a"   posic-xl-le   froiij  ti"',   lai-f';Kr   types 
of  cuttings    ,  wJiilG  \i(  ith  the   other  clfinnes  which  do   no'    root 
as  readily,   those   of    the  Meoha.u  typa  are^   tjie   I'tiost   economical 
to   Kiakfij    fro.;,  'j.  coinnercial   Btandijoint.        Howey:?-.    hb    se <■::">.  ?/ith 
J.   Virginiana,    in  ^late    (      )    ths    si^.a   of    tlic,   outline  mkkes 
little    difference    in  the  progress  of  the  callus  diiring  the 
first  year.       With  plants  \YhiGh   ci.'-ov.'  as   slowly  as   do  Conifers 
dv;r  ln,::f  the  early  part   of  their    lifej    it    is  rfiad.ily   seen  that, 
if   cu!-. tings  are  ahun^azit,    the    l?3rger   the    cutting  which  can  136 
made  and  well  rootfd  during  the   first   season,    the   greater  the 


f 


tlTOo  sax'ed    in  th::  deYeloi./:;er.t   ox"  the   i3lej,nt ,        Thft   smaller 
cuttings   in  sorae  ca.ses,    as   seen   in  Platii    (      )      (      )      do   net 
root   as  readily  as    t]--!-   laj'.n;er   ones,        Cutfiinps   of   the    green 
wood,    as   shovm  "b;;  Tables   2  and  5  callus   wit)-;  difficulty  and 
root  very   slowly.        Those    takr.n  frora  the   leadiiif^  l.-raixMets, 
or  a  •^Qvy  vif^orous   .<9~Gwth.,   as   seen    In  Plates    (      )    (      )    root 
much  Hiore  jsia*i.S'  than  those    saJcen  froan  the   lateral  hranehlets, 
and  of  not   ot,   vigorcajts  &  p^iowth.        The    praotlne   of  trliaoiaing  a 
portion  OJ?   the-,    leaf   sur   ace  fioia  thf;   ci;.t tings  as   seen  in  the 
l,loon  type,    i«   not   to   'be    encnura^ed.        Unlike  hai'dwood   and  her- 
haceous   cuttings,    this  operation  seeins  to  loe    of  no   practical 
value   in  the   reproduotic-n  of   conlfsrsj    and    on  tlie  otlier   hand 
as   seen  in  the    plates    it   seems  detrimental,  to   the   liest  results 
in  tii^  dfe'velopment   of  the   cuttings  after  rooted, 

3.  Effect  of  frost    upon  ahil  .t:,-    of  the   cutting  to    strixe   roots. 

This  is   s-  point   raucl:  discvissed  aiiicn^^  differtmt.    nuraery- 
aien,   and   one   -.jhic};   ultimately   woiild    aep<3nd   ux->on    the;   naturf.   and 
history  of    i,ht,    species,    to   ds terriine  accuj-ately.        If   a  sp©* 
cief?   X?,   no, rurally   a  noj  ''hern  oni-,   and   r^d apt f.d  tc   iidverse,    condi- 
tions of  cliraat  ic   inf  luf^no". s ,   it  could  hcjttej    undergo  freezing 
effects  t}-;an   one  which  vras   of    a  If. bs  }i.ardy  nature,        'Vitt   j?iy 
liirdtftd  expr.j'irnflnts    in  this    Xin-.   I   liavG  failed  to    see    that 
havin,'T   r.je;-^,  ;■   suhjectfid  to   conflit io-iB   of  freexingj   has   6.x:erted 
any    Infhirnce   upon  the   atjilit,;'   of      th'    cutt.in;?  to   strike   rootri. 
Cuttings    taken    In  etuO-.y    Octohe/'   and   tliosf.    'ak!;>;:    '.a  33ecei!:'ber 
shovv  -^^r^^   little-;   differ-.nce   in  the   root  development,    ether   than 


10. 


that  naturally  expected  fro^;  the    ixicreased  start   of   those 
placed   in  the  cutting  feed  at   the  eoj-lier   date. 

The   tabular    resuite    ftiid   tlie  photographs   }ierein   included 
n^,Hii  Yery   little    explanar.ion  other   than  that    Jilread.y  gxYen.      I 
have    inserte-j   Yf^ry  few  taljles  ■becj"iii,:  upon   tj.c    lave^.tigationaL 
worK    ;   heeajse   in  the   casB   ox'  sucj    wcj-k  lieinp;    conducted  with 
the   practical   enci    ^vholly   in  view,    an<i   tht;    lack   ojT   a  proper'ly 
equipped  propa(0:atin«'  house,    the.     vvou.ld  l,e    no  morn   ths/x'i    n.  com- 
pllRtioji   oC  useless  data  iijKajiin,":   nothing  tr.    tit;   readej'. 


// 


HISTORY  OP  PROPAfrATIOI^ 


The   first   mv\  most   primitive  lastliod  whereby  plants  were 
propagated,   was  •^^^itliout   doubt    that   of   seed,  v^hich  is  the   most 
natiiral  and  seen  to   the    ftreatest   degrse   in  natur-e.        Among  the 
few  writers  who  have   touched  upon  this  subject,    there    dfufs 
to  be   no   strong  and  well  defined  idea  as  to    the    origin  of  this 

art. 

It   is   seen  from  the   history   of  Solomon,   King  of    the   Je??s, 
that  he  was  vrell   aoqufL.inted  with  the   nature   of  iJlants    ;   hence 
it    is    inferred   that    in    tlis   extensive   gardens  and  pleasiire 
groiinds  of   this  wealthy  sovereign,    there  had  been  no   little 
attention  paid  to   the   reariji^;  of  trees  both   for  ornarnent-al  and 
useful  purposes,'^        These  Mare,   in  all  probability  mostly   grown 
from  seed    ;    however   we  have  no  knowledge    of   other  methods  being 
in  practice   at    that  tiiae.        The  art   of  grarfting,    says  A, 

o 

Thonin    J    "is   an  art,    t}ie   discovery  of  which    is  of   the   highest 

iantiq.uity    ;   its   inventor   is   unknown,"       Wlxether   it  was  suggest- 
ed by  the   adhesions  of    the   parts  of    tv/o  plarvts    in  nature  is 
still   a  mystery. 

The  Phoenecians  transmitted  it   to    the  Carthaginians   and 


1.  The  Porestor,  by  Jrmea  Brown 

2.  1327 


/^. 


the   Crreeks  and  fror-  the   latter   it  was  C''^rried  to    t.he   Romans, 
Theophrastue   and  other   Greek  authors  nention  the    graXt,    and 
KO  re  than   twenty  raod.lf ications   of    -"he    general  riethod  have  heen 
given  ty  the  Roraan  Varro*        'F'ror;:  thr.  Rocians  the   >cno\^led^e   of 
grafting  sp-eaA  to  Europe  v^here   it  has   gradually  developed  to 
the  Btage   in  which  we  se>-   it  todaj'-.        The   principal  treatise 
which  first   gavn   in  a  clear  rianner   the   Theorv-  of   G-raftinp;  was 
that  hy  Tie   Candolle  entitled,    "Phj-siologie  VegPtale,"       Another 
principal   author   upon  ^he   siihject    is  M.   Thou.in,   of  Pai'ia,   who 
descrih^d  and  fifriired  morp   than  100  kinds   of   grafts. 

Ah  out  IG'76  Milling  ton   and    Grew  eatahlish  the  fact    that 
different   sexes   existed  in  various  plants,        Sfelphi^jhi   and 
Others   laid  claiin  to  the  priority   in  the    discovery  of   this 
fact    ;   hilt    it   wfis  '.Or.   Lindloy  v;ho    said,    "I   sec  nothing  so   pre- 
cise  in   '-.heir  works    as   is  foivio-   in  the   declaration  of  Grew, 
that    Ihe    st9jnens    do    serve   as  raale   for   t}- e    j^ermination  of   the 
seed."       "''i^ork  alonj'T   this  lin«  was  taken  tip  "cy  Bradl^:y   in  1717, 
^'ho  first  produced  hyhrida   artificially    ;    and  also  hy  Linnaeus 
in  1744. 

The    application  of   the   r^nd.r'.   of  propaga,tion,    known  as 
grafting,    to  meraberB  of  the   coniferouB   p^-oiip  was   f.irst  r-ade  "by 
the  Baron  Tschondy,    upon   Piniis  Laricio,   prohahly  ahou-t   tho   end 
of  the   eighteenth   century    ;    and  thf:  method    ^sas  thF-reafter  prac- 
ticfid  upon  hie   estate  at  ColoTntjey,    near  Metac,        The   method   is 
descrlhe-'i   quite  fuller   in  the    "Traitn   Pratiquf;"   of  Keluiarre, 
tl'ie   sn'bstance   of  v/Viich  is   as  follows    : 


Ii>. 


"The   metjiod  was    called  liv  hiia.   lierbacco-as    pj^afting,    and 
■"AfHS  i^erforiiied  iu  tjie   cleft  iriaiiner.        The   time   of   performing 
the  operation  vras  when  t}ie:  lead-ing  shoot  of  the   stock  had 
attained  a  length  of     ei;;^lvt    to   tvfelve    inches,    and  was  quite 
"brittle.        The   time   dviins   friilch  the   shoot   is   in  this  condi- 
tion  is  us^c5.11y  not   raO)  e    than  fl  Lte;en  days    ;   the    graft    is 
always    inserted   In  the  leading  shoot,    the   side  shoots  "being 
removed  or  short eneiir;d,    ai".d    Ihe   yciiafj  ahoots  produced  from   the 
stoQ?x:  durinp;   that  season  are   pinched  off  at  a,l:)out   half  their 
length.        In  i^erfonijirip:  ths   opsration  the  first   stexj   is   to 
reduce  the   leadinf^  shoot   to    four  or   six   inches    \    th>i   les^yes 
are  then  rei-aoYHd   fro:!i  the   rsraaininp,  portion,   v/ith  the  excep~ 
tion  of  aho-ut   an  .lnc}i  at   tlie  top   ;    these  "oeing  left   to  draw  up 
the  aap.        Scions   should  be   deprived  of  le&yes   and  c^it    in  the 
form  of   a  thin  wedge.        After  helnc  grafted,    c  o/er  the   graft 
vfith  a   cornfit  of  papei'    tied  slightly   go   the    atocx,   so    as   to 
adinlt   air  hut   s<3xcliide    aun,        Thia  jnay  he  removed   in  ten  to 
fifteen  days  after   grafting,    sukI    in  isix  to   eii.-"ht  weeks   the 
upper   gorf.xon  of   t}\e   soook  with  the    leaves    on,   raay  'be   triixraed 
off  upon   ooth   sides  of   the   scion,    and  all  shoots   produced   upon 
the    lower  part   of    the    .^tock  remoYGd  in  order   to   thj'ow   sap  into 
the   scion.        Most   suitable  stocks  are  plantB  i-iown  where   they 
':irc  finally  to   stand,    -jcad  of   fcjr  to   six  years  grov?th    ;   the 
o"bject   ■bein;5   to  luajce  the   graft   froo,  Sthree   to  four    feet   above 
the   grotmd   in  order  to   avoid   stooping  on  the.   part  of  th& 
operator^  ** 


Ik 


T?ie   fii'st  real    -aention  of   thf,    fact   in  Amorican  li-cerature, 
naiijely,    that   propagators   begari   to  realiae    ;,hat   ornamental 
vrees  and  sJiruTaa  could  De   proparatsd  froiu  cuttings  was   in 
lf?47.  In  1B45,    through   an  accident  >   Jamea  Barnes  found  tliat 

op.ttin{5S   left   frnm  pr^.ming  some   shruljl^ery,   had   taken  root  in  a 
kiln  n'hlch  had   bean   used  for  converting   sucl'^   refuse   into  use- 
ful manure,   liy  jeans  of  ol'iarring.       This  hint  v/as   tiirned  to 
useful  account,   and  j3erha_;.s   If^d  to  the    idea  of   bottora  hsat   sund 
the  funtiawicntal  principlR3  of  treating  cuttings.    ;    Aoout   1860 
John  Watson  of  Rochr;Ster,    i-J.Y,,    xrablislifci  his   ideaa  and  dis* 
ooveriec   upon  tha   gro-^'ing  of  pla.nts  froiu  cuttingn.        Hi;3 
sumrmj-ies  v/e'-'e   as  follov^s    :    "ooi^ion  shai'p  0<iiic. ,    di  ied  uiitil  it 
has    in   it   no  excessive    noisture   is  "best    ;    tiu.   rtioei^tacle ,    rnxj 
rough  v7C'0den  hox,    is  filled  with  sand   c-jid  cuttings   in  alter- 
nate  layer .-ij   and  the   vThole  'buriea    out   of  sig!ht    und-:.r   a  green- 
house "bench  or  sinilar   place,   where   the  'Uidej  ground  "fcerapera- 
ture  wi].!  he   cornpor'ati  .ely  steady    and  not   too   v/;.anc.        Tlie 
teiQpcraturfj  -•'diicji  cuttings  wxll  hear    is   th<?;   grt;atest  auiount 
without   endangering  tv  e  "bursting  of   the  liuds.        Ai'ter  this 
CBllo.'sinj!:  process   is   completed,    the   cuttijiKB  laay  he   then 
placed   in  a  propagating  house." 

The   pro5_;re3n   in  the    n;«thods  of  propagation  as   applied  to 
different   plants  has  been  vei"/  rradual   and  slow,   niany  of   the 
hest  iviethods  hiiving  been   sturubled  ujion  and  thuo  mcdcing  for   the 
propagator   a  work  full  of  pleasure    instead  of    one   of  hardship 


1,   Downing 's  Horticulturist    ;   Vol.    II    ;    1847 


IS 


and   uncerta,int2/.        As  exarao'es,    I  /sia.;"  cite   onf.   or   two   typical 
Instances    ;    tite  juopagation  of  Cydonin  Japnnioa  ■^.'ci.?3   at    one 
time  Gonsic'ej-ed  the   Xiiost   difficult    and    iTiCeitain  in  j-esults    ; 
today  it   io   ojie   ot   the   easiest   shrL^bs   to   propa«';a,te.        The    dis- 
covero'    bein^r  iaade   t}a-ou^;h  the   fact  t?!.at   a  piopag^ilor  discarded 
a  lot   of  root   pranings,    and   s.  short    l iine  af ler^/ards   sa'»f  that 
the   greater   nunioer  of  thera  had  taken  r-oot.        It  ^jras   no':   gener- 
ally kno?fri  pi'ior    to  18B0   that  Iiydrangea,  could  l:.e   re^adily  propa- 
gated froiii  Cuttings  J    £,nd   this  fact  was    discOTered  ijiy   a  raan  who 
stuck  some   saall   stalceji,    juade   f  j  om   its  wood,    into    th'-.    .v^rcund   j 
later  finding;  thein  well  lOoted,        TbiiB  one   inetjnce   after 
another   might  te  cited.        Suffice  to    say    that   at  the   present 
time  the  methods  o.r    propagation  employed   hy  nursejwtuen   of   this 
country  are   as  velllperfectf-d  as   those  of  an;^'  other  country    \ 
the    one   great  dr awhack 'Leing ,    that    becavise   of   the   cheapness  of 
foreign  lahor    it   still  hecoi>ies  necessary  to   import   each  year, 
thou3a;-ids   of   seedling  pla:.ts  whic},   could   te  produced  just  as 
well  in  this  country,    did  economic   conditions  p'rricit. 


lb 


PROPAa/J^IOlf 


For   t?!f;   repro.'^.iiclioii  <^f.    plnnt r   natrjrc  '^as  adoxited  var  ioxis 
liiethods,    aPiOr.-:  ^vMo^   are    '.I^or^^   of   aenda^ijej    s-'okei  h,    arid    natural 
cutt-''.rii"a .        Tho  first,    tv/o   of   these  iQBt>'od;i   arf^.   r:ii:lte  corarnon    j 
irat  ?rit'!i  cnttinf;t-' ,t>.erf:.   is  onl^''  on<"'   inptr'ncf-     In  "';}.. loh  np.txire 
pnop'^atsf;  fsy  '■ }' if;   ?iiP-'-}',od  unaiAf=:ri.,        Tliis   iB   sef-n   in  man}-  of 
the    w.i,  110V7F.     -h-ic)^    )>;rov;   in  jtnois'''.   jlacr.s   near   streapiF. .        Man;'- 
plants   not    only  jjiodiicfi   fxlarge    qupjutities   of  se<-vd    ;    'but    natm"e 
has  foirad   in  a.dditlon  these    othnr  ?oethodK   alioTe   I'.ent ioned,,   "by 
>vhict.    a  species   laay   ue   pej-pe-M.ifi.ted, 

These,    ?o,ovfevrr,    v/ere  found  not    to   >)e   adapted   in  r.11   C'-ises 
to   t}"e   re  fini  .  cnrA.nt  B   of   ho  i-f,ionltur  istB .        Kence  we  }^ave   rnany 
ari"ifioi''U   niethodK  ,    amonf>  tjie   iijost    .l.'r;por1  a.nt    of  whicV;  are 
cuttings,   Budding,    Prafting  rtnct.  Layerap;6,        Wltli  these    and 
theO''    of   nature    corcroinedj    man   ha-,  ohtauied   a  variety    i-;y  vThxch 
plants   can  he    prop-i^ated  ^?'ith   e  ~;3t;    and  facility    ;    eac>    jcethod 
havinp;    lis   peonlia?  ities    an^i   adnjitatinns,,        The    jijoa-f-.   ^'vldely 
used   of   these  raetliodB    aa    spplied   to    the    reproduction  of    coni- 
fer-'^  ar 6   Be c .  d  i3 ,   Out  t  i n  p,:a    an d.  Or af  t  b  .  .^ 

A  3ho?  I  dii5CU5slon  of  t];eHc  t>'rce  methods  vit}  t}'6;  advan- 
tages and  disadvantages  of  e-.ch,  Kvny  fihow  their  relativn  value 
and  position   in  this   field. 


'!■ 


In  propagat3-ri'-?;  ti-ees  ttou  se^d  we   at   once   see    that   there 
are    certain  difficulties  presej^ted.        By  this  methcd.,    only  the 
&pecies    in  the   abstract    is   propagated,    ■■r.-hilf.    by  iceans   of  the 
otl.er  methods  the   Kpeoies    is  perpetuated  with  all  the;   hathits 
of  tiu'.    Inn  ividr.fij.   p8.r  ent ,    especie-lly   is   this    true  withian  the. 
province    of    .grafting.        In  the   c  .-'.se    cf   diofjciou.8  trees    f^croe 
Other   -taRthcA  joiist  he   adopted   ;   hecai;.se  imless   loth  types    exist 
in  ti'-c   YiciJiity  fertile    seed  -will  rio  (:  he   produced.        It    is 
Often  the    sitruit  lon   that    the    s-ef  d  trees  ii-.ajj'  \>^:-    of   a.  nua3.ity 
froia  ••YhioJ;    It    .is   not  desirahle   to  propagate    ;    in  sucli.  an 
instfuTicc    it   ia;iy   i-e    bettor    to  propap;ate  from  other    trees  which 
do   not    neaj'   seed.        The:    seeds  everi   v/hen   ijroduced  laay   Xrs:   of 
{5uc}:  a  chaj- .•ict..ir    that    they  9A't    undesii-afcle   for    proiafratinr 
purposes,        ¥ith  t;0Mt'    of    t}if;    ccniferB   <:ml\^.   r-iust    wait    years   for 
the    tree   to  laatiwe,    a:id   here   ton    i"^.    is  far  hetcer    if,    "by 
another  rae thoo.,    the    3i)eGits  iria,y  he   perx.ietnated   arid   increased 
hefore   the   parent   plrijit   c'ojnes   to    the  Bta^;?.   of  luaturity.        The 
diff:.culty  of   ;],at]iering   seed    in  Kiany  loc;ilities,    fu'tft    '.he    •ix.t.^ 
variation   in  t^e    ptjjxent atit;    oj.'    ^'ej-rainat ion  roakes   t?-ia  method 
of   pTopagating,     i'i  exi^ensive   ox>eration.        The   great   d.LVsrsity 
of  color   rtria   >i:.v.tit  which  man.     see(iling_  j^l'-^"'^-^  assume,    is    qrj,te 
marked,        T]:is  iw   oaen  most   stronglv    in  Lawson'e  Oyjiress    ;   "but 
T'irs,   Spruces   and   Seqaoias   show  tie    variation    to    a  less   -^larlCBd 
degre'^-.,        Younfr   trees  of  Ahies  hohilis    are  -^-^rrY   apt   tt    prcuice; 
at   firi-it,    X  larger  nuruber   cf    cones  than  of  male  catkins    ;  hence 
it   hfis  "been  necessary,    xn  order  to  obtain  seed,    to    collect 


It 


pollen  froiii  other  trees  and   use  a,rt  .IficJ.al  fecunida,tiuii  tliat 
fertj.lo    seedB  B'la;','-  be    prodn.oei. 

After    these    statements    one   rmtst    not,   consider    that   growing 
from  seeds    is   not   a  valuaMe   ruefjiod .        Ofteatiines  th;-    gicat 
a'r'-.i.nd  a:one    of    seeds,    their  cheapness,    and  the    ease  of    p^ather  ing 
make    it    most   valuable    to    the    propa.p;ator ,        In   gr  rei-al   it 
requires  less  troii&le   and   expense  tc    £-rrow  from  seed,    fUKl   in 
the    greater   mMber-    of    .Lnstance^?;  mo,  e    vigorous   ond   healthy 
plants  are    produced,        Meehan   of   Herman  town,   Pa,,   grow.'S   every 
tree   frojc.  seed,  i«-hic]'    produces   ssi-:;d   oi'   th..e    p^-oper    quality    as  a 
coiTiiTie-'-clal   propo3ition    it    is  "by  fai-   th^-:   lieat    to    adopt    and 
encourage , 

The   great  majority   of  the   conif^irs   in  the    opiX)sitc-,   leaved 
group  are    grown  frora  cuttings,    in  this  country,        Tv.x.   care  of 
cuttings    is    exacting,    and  a]- Chough  the    gjfcater    percent a^fe    of 
them  strike  root    ;    yet  whenever    possible    t?rie    cccffiion     types  of 
the   genera  should   t'e   gro-'m   fr'OB'j  seed,        For    thx    iiej:'petiiat ion 
of  varieties  with   all    their   peculiarities,    th/    methodi-?  of 
growing  froM  Cntt  inf^B   a?Kt  Or  aft  s   is  unsurpassed,        Thu.s    a 
shoot  taken  from  a  v/eepm,?:  spruce  and    fTafted  upon  the    ooraraon 
Norway  Spru.ce,   will   in   /general  produce    a  weepino;   pl,tut,        Many 
of   tJ'e  most;   laeautiful    forran   of  Tarais  ,   JTxr.Sj   Cypresses  and  • 
Thuyas  have    been  originally  eitv:er   natur-al  vai-iations   selected 
frora  tJie    seed  hed,    or    sports   per  ^'etiiated  \rj  graftinf-:  the 
variegated   brannhe^^   upon  a   plant   of   the    green   or   noriaal  for  ra 
of  the   species.        The   advantages  of   growing  from  these  t^-^o 


last   nained  irtethcda   f;;o  liarvi    in  ;ha.nd.        They  inav  'oe   used  to 
reproduce   plcuits   wliioh  do    not    bear   seed,    t'o.osr-  ■irii\.i.ch  matuT'e 
Xa':c    in  life,    and   those    v/hic>i  pj:o(i;\cfc    iiuperfect  seed.        By 
cuttings,    Ui  aaj-'fc   c-irit;.-;,   one   }nay  .vendej    a,  monocc.i.oua  plant 
dioeoioi'is. 

The  iuctiji   Cbjeota   of    ^r&l'tin^',   a.s    ai/pLUid  tc    the    ornamt-ntal 
treeis  are    : 

1.   The   propagatlo:!  o/'    a  ^^-ariety  oj'    spf. cies  nor   freely 
growii   uy  ui-liei"  wethoda, 

Zm    The    inoreasxxii^   o:C  tlit.    vigor   of    ■■ifcl.'LCi.-i.t e   speoie s   by 
graftiiig   upon  robust,    Yxf^Oj-c  i.iB   3t<>ol<B. 

5»   Preservuig  oi'   vfii'ie^iOB  froia  degeneration. 

4.  Adapting  t/'ees  to   d;LX'.'''er6n;-    cjo.Llb  hy  plnciiiis  lipon 
r  o  ot  a   adrtp  1  e  d   t  o    t  ]if;    s  o  J.  1 , 

5.  liitroci.uctiiig   of  inoi  e   tr.an    unu  variet^'^   upon  the    saras 
tree, 

6.  Rejidtrxne    dioecioua    treos  MOj'ioeGiO'rs, 

7.  Mak;i.ii,5   iiiaxiy  trees  assvMe  very   pictv-resqn.e   2"or?;!3, 

8.  The  Qxcitiiip;   oi   tlu:  development    of    ;::r&ji<;}!eH,    I'lcv/ers 
or  i'ruit   on  peu"t3  or    a    tree  whf-.-re  they  are   doficient. 

It    is   easily   seen  that    Ihc    valun   of   kII   of   theae  ruothods 
tof^ethei     is    .uariieasiL!-H,ble.        Thoug/,  no   one    of    tht-in  i&   heat 
adap-i.ed  to   all   oaseB  of    a  particular   geni's  oj-    spfurU-^    ;    yet  hy 
pi-oper    selection  of    the  reethodj    thf;    p;i-ower    is  Jifcle   to  i-iold  the 
nature    of  t}.e   pl-^nt    ali'iost  at   wxll, 

BottmistB   for    thivir    3i)ccimensplants  with   great   differences 
of  variety  characters,    propagate   quite   extensively  hy  p;rafting; 


u 


vi'iiile   ni-u'sery-fae  1  use   t>iis  laet^-od   only  in  TnTi";  casea  where  no 
Othej'    exists.        Grafted  sp<vciraens   as    in  ci.ittinp^s,    ai  e   Oj^teri 
apt    noi',    to   thro'ir  a  len/ier   and  hf^ni^'-   tl-t«r;    preater  care,  which 
they  reqij.irft   for   projjer    d':,  velopment , 

Thi-,  rcif^.tl-od.s  or    ;;:.i  0  2)a-Tation   as    adopted   in   our  ooiriftierc  ial 
propafjatinfi;  esr,ablishments   differ  somewhat   fro/nr.hose  adopted 
by  hob4.Ai,3t3    \   tho    former   produce   plants   iipon  an   ecorioraical 
"basia    ^nd  the    latter   upon  an   "aasthetic"  "oasis.        To   the 
nursfn  .yiaen  th<;  raain   object    La  to    T^roduct.    the  best    specimens 
possible    at    a  miniii'n.u.i  of   coat   iii  the,   expense   of    production   aad 
in  t}l^~;    sho.i  te,eit   tiJije   poBsible    ;    the    qi;»,lit,y  of   thr-    specimen 
beinr   0    ten   sacrif xcF-d  to   the    consideration   of  coot.        The 
botanist,    on  tlie   otl'.Kr   h&nd ,   prop=5<5atea  i  e agr  die b 8  of  cost, 
by   the    method,   not    that   w.-.W  f'f-.   the    least   exit/isive,   "but   vrhich 
'■vill    a-od"..ce    th;-    bi=i3t    speciroen   of   a  2:)lajit .        The  differences 
between   the   methods  adoiit r,d   by  botajiifits   iind   thost.   adopt- ed  "by 
corairercial    otows  may  be    see.rt   .i.n  tlit    taide  beginning   upon  page 
Sonae   of   the    important   nurseries  whicli   proptif^ate  conifers 
to  a   gi-eater   or    lesa   extent    are   as  followa    : 

Andorra  i'Jarseries  Chefjtnut   Hil.i.,    Philti'lelphia 

Bloodgood  jfiir series  flushing,   I..    I. 

Plejoer   and  FelBiy  Springf .leld,    li.    -J, 

Elizabeth   ^ur-sery  Oo.  Elizabetft,   Iv',   Y. 

D.    Kill,    'Dnndee,    111, 

Hoopea  Bros,    and  ThOKas     Wesf.  C}; ester,    Pa, 

Waiikegan  l\[irrBe)-ies  Wau.kegan,    111, 

Thos,   Meehan   and  Sons  Gejiiiantown,    Pa. 

Morrisville  Nixraery  Morris  iville  ,    Pa, 


u 


CUTTI5IGS 

This  method  of  propagation  is   the   one   generally  adopted 
among  niwserymen  for  producing  new   plants  of   the    species 
incli-ided   in  the   following   genera  of   the   Conifers    :    Cupressus, 
Chamaecyparis,    Jimiperus,  Libocedrus,   Thuyopsis,    Thuya  and 
Taxus,        It   is  used  quite   extensively  as  a  means   of  producing 
a  large   numl^er  of  the   deciduous  trees  and  shrulDS,    and  espe- 
cially for  varieties   and  rarer  forms. 

Cuttings   of  deciduous  trees  and  those  of  coniferous  trees 
differ  strongly  as  to   time   of  taking,   method  of  making  and    the 
sulDsequent    oare  of   the    cutting.        Those   of  deciduous   trees  may 
Tse  taken, — as  green  wood  exit  tings, --in  late   spring  and   summer; 
or   as   hardwood  cixttings   at    any  time  during   the   fall  previous 
to   the    coming   of   severe  frosts.        Those   of    conifers  may  ije 
taken,    pref  era"bly  as  cuttings    of    the  mature  wood,    at    any   time 
^•etween  the  months   of  September   and  January    j    it    Is    seldom  the 
practice  to   take   these  cuttings  dur'ing   tht   spring   or   early 
summer. 

The  method  of  making  the   cuttings  may  "be    divided  as 
follows   : 

A,   Hardwood  Ctit  tings 
Mature  wood 

1,    Cuttings  may  he   made  with   or  without    a  heelj 


Hi 


generally  without,    and  'below  a  joint, 
2.   Oat  tings  eight   to   ten    inches   long,   wholly 
"bare  of  leaves, 
Green  wood 

1,    Cuttings  with   or  without    leaves   and  leaves 
trimmed  when  left    upon  cutting, 
B.   Soft  Wood  Cuttings 

Mostly  mature  wood 

1.  Cuttings  with  a  hael, 

2,  Cuttings  four  to   six  inches   long  and  leaf 
surface  not   taken   off. 

Cuttings   of  the   hardwood  trees  are   su'bjected  to   a     callus- 
ing  process 'ot^  "burying   in   sand,   whicia  is  moist,  and  keeping  in 
a  cool   place  during  the  v^-inter   months    }   those   of  soft  wood 
trees   are  kept    in  a  cool  house  for  a  few  T^reeks  then  the   tera- 
peratiire  is  raised  as   descrihed  later   in  this  chapter. 

There   are   tv/o    classes   of   evergreen  cuttings    :    (1)   those 
which  are  made   from  the   green  wood,    varying   in  size   from  two 
to   four    inches   long,    and   (2)   those   taken  from  the   matwe  wood, 
and  varying   in  size  from  four   to  eight    Inches   long. 

Under  these  two   classes  there   are   various  types  of  cuttings 
differ  in j^  mostly  in  size   and   the  method  of  treating  the   top. 
Cuttings   of  class    (l)   rarely  h^ve   any  of   the   leaf  surface 
removed    ;    those   of   class    (2)   may  Tad  divided   into    two   types, -- 
those  with  a   portion  of   the    leaf  surface  removed,    and  those 
with  none   removed.        There   is   a  wide   diversity  of   opinion   among 
the   different   propagators  as  to   the   relative  merits  of  the 


^s. 


different   types  and  the  conditions  "best  adapted  to  each, 
Samuel  C.   Moon  of  MorriSTllle,    Pa,,    adheres   to   a  type   of 
cutting,   ranging  in  size  from  four  to   fire   inches    long  with   a 
portion  of   the   leaf  surface  removed   ;    Thomas  Meehan   of  Grerman" 
town,   Pa,,    adheres   to   a  type   from  the  mature  wood,    size  four 
to  five   inches  long  and  no  leaf  sm'face   removed    ;  'to.   Harper 
of  Chesnut   Hill,   Pa.,    arlheres   to   a  small  type    of  mature  or 
green  wood   catting  with  no  leaf  surface  removed    ;   Ell\Tanger  and 
Barry  of  Rochester,    N.Y. ,   adhere   to   the    largest  type   of   cutt- 
ing,  from  the   mati;!re   wood  with  no  leaf  surface  removed,        A 
discussion  of   the   relative  merits  of  these  different   types   is 
given  later    in  the    chapter  under  the  head  of   investigational 
results. 

The   various  methods  of  making  evergreen  ciittings   as   well 
as   those   of  the  hardwood  tress  are   shown   in  the   different 
plates   and  descriTsed   in  the   legend  upon  the    opposite  page. 
The  descriptions  of   the    different   kinds  of   cuttings   are  readily 
found  in  Bailey's    "Nursery  Book." 

It   is  often  the   case  with  many  of   the  Conifers,   which  are 
propagated  from  cuttings,   that  the   cuttings   as   they  develop 
show  a  "branchlike   character  and  a  strong   tendency  not    to  form 
a  leader.        The   following  are  a  few  rules  which  might  v/ell  "be 
observed  in  ;making   a  selection  of  the   tiranchlets  from  which  to 
t  ake    cut  t  in  gs  ,    i n   ge  ne  r  al , 

1.   Cu.t tings   should   be  taken   only   from  the   healthy  plants 
of  vigorous   growth. 


A^. 


2.  Shoots  with  flower  "buds   should  be   avoided,    if  possilDle, 
for  cuttings.        If  flower  "buds   are   taken  thsy  sho;-.ld 
"be    carefully  removed  "before  the  cuttings   are  planted, 
"because  the.   develoiDment   of  flowers  deprives  the  cutt- 
ings  of  the   food  material  which  should  p;o   into  the 
foritiation  of  nev?  roots. 

3.  Stronp;   side   shoots,    with  healthy  leaves  frojri  the  "best 
c^^ttin,";3    ;   tut    sue},    as   are   of  the   more   luxiu-iant  growth 
shoxild  be   avoided, 

4.  In  slow  .Qirowing  evergreens  choose  rather  woody  aide 
shoots  of    the  rriature  wood, 

5.  Select  branches,   which  have   been  \7ell  exposed  to  the 
light  and  air,   froia  7/hich  to  take   cuttings    ;    interior 
shoots  are  very   apt    to   damp   off. 

The  branchlets  with  the   lonf^  needle   shaped  leaves,   or  the 
juvenile -forra  of  foliage  strike  root  roore  easily  than  those 
portions  Lvith  the  mature   forxu  of    leaves.        Shoots   of  Juniperiis 
Chlnensis  with  the   long  leaves,    talcen  from  the   lov-'er  part    of 
the   plant    strike   root   more  readily  than  those    cuttings   taken 
from  the  upper  part   of   the   plant. 

The  time   for   taking  evergreen  cuttings  varies  fi-om  the 
latter   part   of  Septeml-er  to   J-'muary,        They  may  be    taken  either 
before   having  "been  frozen  or   after    ;    the  relative   ability  to 
strike  roots,   of   those  which  have   not   been   subjected  to   freez- 
ing and  those  which  have,    is  practically  the   same.        Cuttings, 
however,    should   never  be  wade  when   in  a  frozen  condition    ; 


li^S' 


they  should  Ise  kept    in  a  warm,   moist   place   for   a  short   time, 
imtil  they  have  'becorae  thoroughly  thawed  out,    'before  heing 
prepared  for   the  cuttinf^  bed.        In  preparing  for  the   cutting 
"bed,   a   sharp  knife    is  one   of   the   first  essentials    ;   and   if 
there    is   any  great   numher  of  cuttings  to   he   made,    it   is   hest 
that   a  pan  of  water   'he  close   by,    Into  which  each  cutting,   as 
it    is  made,  may  he    put.        Exposure   of    the    clean  cut  "base  of 
the    cutting  to    dry  air  for   even  a  short   time  will   Invsriahly 
injure   the   striking  quality  severely.        If  the  cuttings   after 
having  heen  made,  hecome    for   any  reason  exposed  to   the   dry  air 
for   a  length   of  time    it    is  "best,    before   placing   in  the    cutting 
"bed,    to   drop  them  into    a  pail  containing  lake  waoma  water    and 
allow  to   remain  for   a  few  minutes.        They  should  always,   for 
the  hest   results,    he   made  with   a  slight    heel,^ 

The  medium  used,    in  which  to   strike    cuttings  is   a  very 
clean  sand    ;    however,   vai'ious  propagators  advocate  hrick  dust, 
charcoal   and   even   clay    ;    in  Holland   sphagnuia  moss   Is  used   very 
frequently.        The    sand  used  hy  Moon,   the  most    successful   propa- 
gator   of   these  trees,    is  a  coarse   pit  sand  which  is   ohtained 
as  clean  as   possihle,       For   the    larger  types  of  cuttings   this 
is  hest    ;  "^vX   for   those  of    a  smaller  type  the   fine   sand    is 
more    preferable.        The   depth  to  which  cuttings  should  he 
inserted   in  the    .-;and  varies  v--ity'   the   sisie   of  the   cu-*- 1  in?;    ;    in 
general  terms    the    best  rule   to   follow  is    that   of  having  one- 
third  of   the   length  in  the   sand  and    two-thirds    out.        Cuttings 


1.  Bailey's    "Nursery  Book"    (Heel  Cuttings) 


u. 


may  "be   grown   in  pots,   flats  or    oHnchcs,        Por  large   nursery 
lots   t}TH    shallov-/   flats   ar'e   rauc      raore    preforable    ;    the   reasoriS 
"being  as  follows    :    it    does   not  T)ecoirie   necessary   in   the   spring 
to  transfer  from  'benches   to    flats   and    disti.O'l)    the    roots  and 
also   it    is   iTiuch  easier   to   control  cutting  "bed   fungous   diseases 
when  cuttings  are    gro^Tn   in  flats.        Por    small   quantities, 
"benches  are   quite   satisfactory.        The   rows   shou.ld  "be   from  four 
to   seven   inches    apai'i-    and   the   cuttinf;S    should  "be    two   to   four 
inches   apart    th^    distances   varying  with,  the    siae   of    the    catt- 
ings.        In   some   cases   "borders,    out.    of    doors,    are   used   ;    "but 
where    any  degree  of  success  is  expected   it    is  necessary  to 
have  the    ooiiditions  of  temperature  and  moisture  as  jauch  within 
the   control  of   the  propagator  as    possihle. 

The   success   attained  with  cuttings  from  these    trees 
depends   largely  upon  the   degree   of.  car'e   given  thcro   in  sxipply- 
ing  proper   conditions.        The    ideal  conditions   for    success 
require  that,   during  the  first    "ive  or    six  weeks   after  the 
cu.tt  Lngs   aj-e   placed   in  the   sand  the   top  teniTXjrature   shall  not 
"be   so  great   as   to    stimulate   vegetative   gro-jrth  in   the    least, 
During  this  time   a,  bottom  temperature  of   from  40   to   45  degrees 
should  "be  maintained  and  a  ton  temperature   ranging  from  40  to 
60  degrees    ;    this  of  course   is   .impossi"ble    if   the    cuttings  are 
taten  "before   the   general   outsid.e   temperature    averages  close  to 
or  "below.^  these  figures.        After  this   time   the   condition   of   the 
surface   of  the   "base   of  thr.   evicting  sho;ild  'r.e   such   as   to    ^llow 
a  higher  temperature.        The  "bottom  heat  may  "be   raised  to    fiinout 


^t- 


60   degrees,    and  the  top  heat  regulated  so    as  to  rvm  from  60 
degrees  at   night   to   even  80   degrees   diu'in,^  mid-day  when   the   svin 
is   shining  brigh+ly. 

We  know  that   cuttings   in   geners.1  die  from  two  causes    \ 
daying  up  or  rotting  before   t}-.6  roots  are  produced.        The  whole 
object   of  the   propagator   is  tn   hasten  the    production  of   roots 
and  also   to  arrest    the   evaporation  or  decay  until  the   roots 
are  formed.        One   of  the   fundamental  causes   of  the   rotting   of 
cuttings   arises  froiti  ruptured  cells,    and  exoesaive  top  grov^tJi 
■before   the  base   of  the  cutting  has  callused  sufficiently.     The 
idea  of  keeping  the   comparatively  low  temperature    for   the    first 
few  weeks    is  to  hasten   the   callusing   process,   which   is    the 
means   taken  hy  the   cutting  to   heal  over  the  wounded   siu-face. 

After  this   the  roots   are  emitted  readi.ljr  wit]-!,  the  majority 
of   cuttings    ;   and   thf.    chitting  ce.n   ohtain   its  food  froiu  the 
medium   in  which    it   is  kept,        Durin,'"  t}  is   period  the  cutting 
henc})   should  he   shaded,    especially   is    this  necessary  during 
the  heat  of  raid-day.        Shading  is   produced  "by  putting   a  thin 
ooat  of  whitewas^  over   the   outer   surface  of  the    glass   iroraedi- 
ately  over    the   cuttings.        The  beds    should  he   watered,   until 
thorougrily  soaked,    once  eao3'i  week  if  the  weather  is  hright    ; 
and  less  often  during  cloud;'  spells.        la  addition  to   this   it 
is  necessary,    for    the   heat  resiJ.lts,    to   syringe   once    during  the 
heat   of   the   day,   when   the    sun   gets   stronger    in  the   spring    j 
this    should  he   -vT-er."-    light   and   jn.st    sufficient    to  laoisten  the 
surface  of  the   leaves,    and  hence  prevent    excessive   evaporation 


^t. 


which   is   detrimental  to  the   foriuation  of  roots, 

Bv   examining  aljnost  an..'  of   the   plates   oontaininc   photo- 
graphs  of  rooted  ciit tings,    it  im.:/  he   seen   that  the  roots   yery 
rarely   orli<^inate   I'r  osn  the   callus,    as   supposed  hy  ma.nj''.        The 
roots  come  from  the   steia  just    ahove   the  callus  a,nd  hence   the 
natural  conclusion  is,    as   stated  prc-^v.l.oL'.sly,    t^at   thi-;    process 
is   simpl.y   a  healing  process.        And   it    is  diu-ing  the    foriuation 
of  this  callu3   that  we   have  the  critical   point   in  t'  p,   life    of 
the   cutting.        It    is   then  necessary  that   until  this   is  formed 
and  the   roots   emitted   that  the   greatest   care   should  he   given 
to   the  cuttings, 

"Oalluaing  is  hiit    an  evidence   that   the   vital   principle    of 
the  cutting   is  healthy  and  active    ;    rather   than  that  root  a  are 
to  "be   emitted  J   and    it    is  '^^.ry  prohahle   that    the    effor-   made  to 
callus,    is  to   a   certain  degree,   exhaustive,   and   demariding  far 
mo  r  e   o  ar  e  f r  o  ra  the  p  r o  paf^  at  o  x   tr  oro  t  h  -it    t  i  me  until  roots  appe  ar , 
than  at   an/  other  period  of   the    cutting  state,*' 

If  made   in  Becemher  or   January  the    cuttings  will  he  well 
rooted  hy  the    first   of  May    ;   at  wi'iich    time  they  may  he   placed 
in  cold  frames   out  of   doors  to  harden   off.        Cuttings   grown    in 
"benches  may  hf;   transplanted  into    boxes  containin,o;  a  li/^ht    sandy 
loarn  and   kept  with  the   ot/iers   in  the   fraities   during  the   summer. 
Before    the    flats   fjxe   placed  in  the  frarne ,    it   should    be    part. iallyj 
filled  with  ashes   so  that   the  tops  of   the  cuttings  will  not   he 
more    than  six  inches   from  the   glass.        The  frame   should  be 
covered  with   sash  dxiring   the   cooler   days  of   spring   and  on  many 


Af. 


nights,    and   g}io\ild  also  "be  shaded  on  Ycry  hot   days.        Many 
propagators  transplant,   their  cuttings    into   a  light    soil  aa  soon 
as  they  are  xvell  rooted,    leaving  the   unrooted  ones   in  the 
cutting  bed   until  the   following  year-    if  necessary. 

The   flats  containinf!;  the  rooted  cuttm.c^s  arfi   left    in  the 
frseaes  d\.irlng  the    greater   part   of   tine    surajner    ;    in  early  fall 
they  are    placed  in  a  shed  Duilt    for   the:    purpossi   of  hardening 
off  evergreen  c^-it tings.        This   is   constructod  of  2x3    inch 
pieces     and  so  built    that   it    supplies  the   cuttin-!:s  \with  suffi- 
cient   shade,    and  protection  froii.  the  vfinter,    to   have  their. 
ready   in  the   follovfing  spring  t''   Tae   transplanted  to   the   balfy 
garden   ;    this   is   a  plot    oi   gj-orind   gensrally  more   or   less   sliel- 
tered  and  in  the   close   vicinity  of  the   iDropagatin^';  house.        In 
order   to  he   perfectly  certain  that    the   rooted  cuttings  Till 
pass  through  the  winter    safely    it    is  host   to  iuulc)!  the    flats 
late    in  the  fail  with  litter,   which  is  /-oraoyeii  6i^-ly   in  the 
spring. 

Yoiing  plants  which  on  farther  development   fehovr  a  hranch- 
like  character  may  he  henefited  hy  cuttin;';;  hack   very  strongly, 
therehy   indiicing   a  nev.    leader    to   foi-iu. 

The   foregoing  is   a  detailed  description  of  the    general 
method  of   propagating  evergreens  from  cuttings.        The    propaga- 
tion of  hardwood  trees  from  cuttings  varies  in  many  of    the 
minor  details,   and  will  he    treated  mider    a  separate  heading. 


1.   Ch-vpter    or  Sh-dinp;    (s}v--:'i   sores^ns) 


So. 


S  E  E   D  f5 
Collect inf:   and  Storing 

The  method  of   propap:at:ln;a;  conifers  from  seed  is    in  general 
the   jDOst   widely  adopt  ed  laethod  whej-e'by  the   greatest   nutnher   of 
these   trees  are  reprodur^ed,    hoth   in  this  a:ai    in  foreign   coiin- 
tries.        The   seed  may  "be   collected    in  large    quantities  froii: 
tlie  mount alnmjs   re.^Lons    of  thr-;  West   or  froiu  the    scattered 
trees  of   the   TfaBt.        The    tiioe    for   collectinf;   the   sef  d  of   l)0th 
thf,   conifers   and   the   hardwood  trees   varies  wide^ly.        Those 
conifers  whose   ctmes  open   yery  tardily,    ^ui  exaeiple   of  which   is 
the  Pitc]     Pine,   rffiiy   have   their   seed  collected  durin;^   later 
winter    ;  v/hile   others  aa   Spruces    ii:nc[  Pirs,   need   to   be   oolleot- 
ed   in  the    fall  aa    socn  as   the    coneg   are   ripe.        The   following 
is   a  partial  list    of    th?,    ocnifers    'giving  the    tiice   at  vvhich 
their    seed  should  toe   collcdted. 

Pinus  Strohus  Augxist    and  Septemher 

September 

Septewher  a,nd  Ootoher 
Sept enher  and  Oc':,oi.'er 
S(;pte;[i-iber  and  Ootoher 
S tpt  emhe r  and  0 c t  oh er 
Septemher  and  Nover.her 
September  and  Octoher 


Paris 
Picea 

Ah  iee 

Lihocedrus 
Thuya 
Juniper us 
Cupresses 


31. 


In  collecting   care  should  be   exercised  tha+;   the    seed  are 
not.   taken  before  they  are  fully  ripened.        With  th*-,    conifers 
the    seeds  are    generally  ripe  from  a  week  tn    a  month  before  the 
ooneg   appear  brown,    and  mat  we.        If   there   exists   don.M    in  a 
person's  Ftlnd  as   to  the   ripeness  of   the    seed,   from  the  exter- 
nal  Hjjpearance,    then  the   most  certain  method  of   determining 
definitely  ia   to  cut  the    cones   throufch  at  various   angles  with 
a  knife.        The   seeds,    if  ripe,  will   pj^-esent    a  very  whitish 
aipear^nce   and   their    coverings  will  have  a  bro'vnlsh  arpearance. 
The    following  is  an    experiment   conducted  by  Wobbe   showing 
the   efi'^ect    upon  geriiinatinfc   qualities  froi'i  the   use  of  uiu-ipe 
seeds. 

Spruce   seed  gathered  July  15  gave     'jofl     O/^germination 
Spruce   seod  gathered  August   1  gave  40,B/I  germination 

Spruce   seed  gathered  Aagust  lip   gave        61.2/S'  geriijination 
Spruce    seed  gathered  SeptSinber   1  gave   75.3^/'  germination 
Spruce    seed  ga,thered  Septeraber    15  gaveBl.S;^  geriuination 
Bpruce   seed  gathered  October    1  gave        34,5/^o  germ inat  Ion 
BprT\ce    seed   ga,thered  NoYeinbei-    1  gave      83. 2;^  gerrninat  ion 
A  discussion  of  t}iis    question  of  the    use  of   ur^ripe   seed 
is  given  by   J.    0.    Ai'^h\jr    in    the    "American  Iifaturalist?       He 
says,    "That    iiamatiirs    seed  will  ^x<^''^  us    by  no  means    a  i'ecent 
discovery}    it  v/as   kiiovm  to  Theophrastus  as   early  as   the   third 
century  before   Clirist.        The   fact  was  well   established  by 
experiments   in  1760,    using  Ash  cxti^.  Walnut,    in  182,:;   aii    investi- 
gator and  propagator  despairing  of  p.Y^.ry  obtaining  ripe   seed 


^^, 


from  which  to   propa,o:ate   a   certain  Japanese   Bpeoies,    took  a 
"branoii   bearing  green  fri^it,    not  two-thlrrls   pro^fn  ,   himfr   it   mv 
till  dry,    then   planted  the    seed   in  a  cold  franie   at   th(^.   jv'oper 
time    ;    frojc  the^qe   he    ohtaxned  a  quantity  of   }'eal!.thy  plants 
•'srhian   de;velope/i  very  heautii^illy.        In   growinfi-   pTGen  aeod    it 
is    ?v  case    in  whicli   an  atteiaot    Is  made   to    p:ive   the    plant  let   the 
ccndit  ionssf  or   continuea  de velopriient   without    its   jpassing 
throiigh  the  fiiLl   protective  tstage.        There   seeiTis   nothin/^    in 
the  na-t-vrf"   of   things,    except   lack  of  skill  and   care,    to    pre- 
vent  the:    eiflbr,yo  plantlet  froio  heing  removed  frora  the   parent 
plant   at  any  point    in   its  early  development,   even  "before    its 
organs   can  he  detacted,    and  hy  supplylnfr  it  wit}i   the   nescessary 
mitriraen<  J — heat    and  raolsture--and  prot  ect  infr   it    apainst    the 
inroads   of  destt  active  oi'p;ani3ias  ,    securinF"  to    it   hy  these 
artificial   Bieans   the   conditions  for   uninterrupted  growth,  with 
entire   oioiasion  of  the   resting  period. 

With   this  view   it    is  easy  to    see  why  green   seed   generally 
fiive  fewer   germinations  as   a  rule   than  mature   seed    \   the  raore 
exacting  conditions  for    its  growth,  are   not  well  met. 

In  somp  cases  we  i.iay  get   seeds  which  are  ove.j;- -mature   as 
well  as  those   whicli  are    ijffi-aature.        The  main  points    against 
the    use   of    iiTiinature   or'   unripe   se'Jds   are    : 

1,  Loss    of   Vigor   and    thi'ift    in   tiie   young  plants    ;   these 
dyxng  "Before  rnatiAiity; 

2,  Pull  vii'Tor    of   plants   is  never  reoover'ed, 

3,  Reproductive  parts  are   increased  at  the   extense    of   the 
vegetative  organs. 


3^. 


As  regards  the  a^e  of  trees  fn-.ni  whio'i  seed  raay  Tsetit  "be 
collected,  T'lr .  J.  Alexander  in  1870  oai-rled  on  the  following 
experiJTir-nt  :  He  collected  twenty  cones  fron-'  each  of  ten 
d'ffej-f=;nt  tree?}  whose  a,c;es  were  ta^own  ;  the  conss  were  care- 
fiilly  opned  an^  -ill  of  the  se^ds  of  the  ten  differerxt  sorts 
were  sown  in  difffir^nt  ■beds,--thf;  results  of  ",vhic}i  wej'e  afj 
follows    : 

:^00   yeara    old    prodticsd  10   plautB 

250   years    olrl    virortuced  1."    plants 

200   years   old   prod 'iced  50   plants 

150  years   old    produced  74  plants 

125  years    old  produced        10^   plR,nts 
100  vfta-'s   old  prod^iced       196  plants 
50   years   old  produced        104  plants 
15  yearf3   old  produced  46  plants 

10   :yRara   old  produced  40   plants 

It   can  thu3  he  seen   that  seed  gathered  from  tr'eeB  hetween 
the  agea   of   50   and  125  years  produce   the   greatest   mirr-u/er    of 
plants. 

Araonp;  conifers,    the   scattered  trees   B.nd  tliose   xn  an  open 
forest,    are    p;eners,lly  Tfiorfi    prodtic t i.ire  of    seed  than  trees  which 
are   closely  crowded  hy  others.        Such  trees   as  /u-horvitaes, 
Larches,  Plrs    and   Spruces  which  haye   conical  tops  hear   a  large 
quantity  of    seed  at  thf,    top,    and   are   "nencQ  ofter.    quite  produc* 
tlve  even    in  dense   stands.        Cones  may  hest  ht    gathered  hy 
picking  fro3n  the   tree  "before   they  open    ;   because    at  that   time 


^f: 


the   seeds  are  quite   apt   to  "bfi   lost  T\y   the   w.lnd.        Leaders  of 
such  trees   as   Sjruces  and  Pirs  should  never  be   sacrificed  for 
thp   sake   of   t)'-    nones   t):f-.y  iieair-.        In  auch   trees  permanent 
injixrv    lo  very   apt   to   reau.lt.   from  decay   bej.np;   adcaitted   at   the 
point   of  remoY'-iX,    and  moreover   tl'e   leader   removed   is   not    always 
rfiplaof^d  toy   a  lateral  top  brancV.  turnixig    and  growing  upwards. 
The  cones  maj/-  be    riuite  easily  oollected   by   a  luan  wlti;    a  long 
pole,    terruinate  i   ivitli  a     hook,      ith  Tsrhich  to  pull  In  the, 
tiranchss.        The  cones  are  picked   in   th:>.s  Wsiy  and  placed   in  a 
c anvas  b a      o ar r  ic-. d   hy  t lit    o o  1  lei c t o r , 

After  the   eenes  are   colJ.ected  it   t}ien  bsccraes  necessary 
to    oh)-. am  the    seed   froBi  thern.        With  the    lareei    nviiaber    of   coni- 
fers the    cones  may  he    reaaily  opened  by    spreadinp;  them  upon  a 
clean,    tigM.    floor    or    in   shaliov/  trays   ar7arp;6d   one   ctho-ve   the 
Other    In   racks.        Ty.ia  dryirif:  i^  usually  done   in  th'.   sun,    out 
of    doorH,    in  '*hicl    case,    with   sue];  seed  as   those   of  Spr\ice, 
T'ir,    Larch,   K-.mlock,    and  Tliuya,    care   sjiould  be   taken  to    pro- 
tect frc;a  th'v  wind    aK=i   the.y   are   easily  hlown   awny  by  the    slight- 
est "breeze.        Whe  i   the   cones  are   thorouffhly  dry  the   sca3,6s 
will   Oiiien  ynd  tht.    seed  he   emitted    ;    a  onetimes  cones  aj-e    col- 
lected  and    spread  upon  th,e   flcp  of  a  di"y,   -^aru  rooia   ;    here 
they  are   turned  occasionally   for   a  few  weeks,    after  v^hich  time 
they  nay  be    threshed  and   reraovedj    leaving-  the   seed.        It   has 
"beer  the  practice   to  obtain  seed  froiu  the  cones  which  held 
ther'i   tightly,    by  the    use   ol    cone    kilns,    which   conaiatea  of   a 
wire   cloth  ujjon  which  tlie    cones   wei  e   spread  and  a  gentle    fire 


3^. 


built   i:^eneafh    it    ;   the   cloth  being  raised  about   twelve  feet 
above   the   fire.        The   cones  were    stirred  frequently  du.rin'i:  the 
drying  process,    until  they  "began  to    oi^en    ;   after  whioli   they 
v?ere   reKoved  and  the    seeds   gathered  u^).        Cones    treat-rd  thus 
are   those    of   the-   ScotcJi  Pine,    larch  and  scrae    3;.ri.icesj    thl^    heat 
should   r\<:^^^r  rise  alcove  100    to   120  degrees  y,       yieshy  seeds, 
as    those   of  Taxus    and  Juniper,    may  be  treated  as  outlined  under 
the   heading  of  Janiperus.        If  kf-pt    until   the   following  spring 
they  should  he   stratified    in  tnedluis,   moist    and   fins   sand. 

There   are.  many  seeds  which  ripen  so   late',    in  the   season 
that    ih   he  cones  neoess.strj/   to    store   then)  d-iirin?t  the  vrinter 
months.        The   sef'.d  xuust  he   kept    in  auch  a  condition  that    their 
germinating  power  7rill  he   impaired  as  little    as  possihle, 
T?arly  uiaturing   se^ids  which  matux?;   hefore   lats   vsunrmer   axe   hy 
far  better    if   sowed   iniiaediately  than  to  attempt  caryinp:  over. 
These  are   corLfined   alv-ost   entirely  to   the  hard?;ood   gro^.i.p    ;   the 
conifers  as  a  rule   /rature    late   and  must  '^e   stored.        All  con- 
ifer  aeed  should  he   stored  by  placing   in  s-ii.cks   and  hanging  up 
in  a  cold,    dry    cella}-   or   other  building.        Sue!"    seed  should  be 
exanined  frcru  time   to    tiint    daring  t?ae   '^intei'   to    see  r.hat    they 
are  keeping  properly. 

Conifer    seed  vary   greatly    in  size   as    seen  by  tlie   tahle 
giving  the    aj? proximate  nuraber    in  a  poirnd    ;   an  idea  of  the 
amount   of  seed   produced  by  different      ^specles  Tiay  be    obtained 
from  the   follo?d,ng  figxires  taken  from  the  Trans,    of  K'iprh.    and 


36. 


Agi--'l  Society-  of   Scotland. 

Larix  20  toushels  of  cones    rjj-od.uce  112  I'b.  of  seed 

Pinuy  SylvestT-i.e  90  tiushelc^  of  con&ft.   vrotXacp.  112  Xb,  of   seed 

Pinus  I*'.xcelsa  68  'buBhels    of    cones   producf-.  112   11).  of   seed 

A'hies    P--;CtLnata  44  "bushesl  of   cones   pi-odi;ce  II;-   l"b.  of   seed 

The   qtiestlon  of  vital  it  7    In  seeds   is  a.n    iHipoj'tant    one    in 

tl'io   fltnragp   worV,        There   are   some    seeds  whiofer  natairally  have 

a  more    last  LnR  vitality    •,h.-x..i  do    other  a,    this   is   eBpecially 

true    in  the   c^ise    of    the    hard-«,'ood  trees    arid  far    more    pronoixnaed 

than    In  thp   conifers.        The    seed;.?    of   Juniper,    Pine   and  Spr'uce 

retain  their-   vitality  a'tjout   the    Sijroe    lenfjth    of   tir'e    ;And 

naturally  are  a«   pTOlongS'l  hs  a'ay  of  the   conifer  seea.        Some 

of   thy;    pine   seed  kept    in  their   closed  cones  loave  been  knovm  to 

ti ivc   a   siaall   percentage   of   germinHtion  "fnun  seven  to   nine 

yearw   old^ 

PropHf;atirig   frO'ai  Seed 

Coiii-i  u-U;i-inr:   the   piop3,gation   of  trees  from  the   bi-oad 
standpoino,    ':.':  bs  e   is   ■vc^'-:j-  little   difference,    xn  tYx.    soil   ajid 
caxe   neceaaary,    that    does   not    npply  equally  well  to    garvden 
3ef;d,        If   cii'^sn   a  i-riodiuKi  rich,    saiidy  soil  of   a  riioisi,.   nati-ire, 
and  v-rithin   certain   liinits  of    temperature,    almost    any  tree    aeed 
may  he    gerBrlnated   and  -j-nado    to    live  for   a   longer   or    s/ o;  ter 
tinjs.        There   are  minor    details  whicr    do    jiot    ai.jj.ly  tc    both    ; 
and  w}"  to}-   for   the  heat  resui::3    in   the   raisinp;  of  seedling 
trees   are   -aecessary. 

The   first    co'as  icier  at  i'--n    i3    that    of   the    seed  bed    ;    tl"  is 


1,  Bull.   29.        U,B,   Dep!-,.   0      Agr . 


H 


should  l->e    located   upon  5?-oimd  which    is  soniewJiat  hirrlier    than 
adjacent    land.    a>Td    affords   jood   surface  ctra.i  na;re, ,    ^ath    as 
little    1 '.ability  to  washinf;;  as    x^oss  llile ,        The   land   best 
&.dapte.d  is   a  wpII  '7<^orkp'i  field  oi     garden,    in   preference  to    n&w 
ground.        The  water   supply,    proxiin..lty  to   tho    nwr -a^-^t^j ^   b.iul  the 
horae ,    are  factors  7-h.i.ch     should  he   considered  hefore   choosing 
the    Bite  for   aeed  beds,   and  if.ore   bo    ijf    the.;-'  are    (-.0   he    conduct- 
e d   u po ji  a, n   e x t en f.  i'^'' '';  s c al e  , 

The    3oii  pi  ef  ercihle   for   the    see.a   bed  s?nould  be    a  sandy 
loan;  of  a  rcediiu:  degree   oi    i  ichness.        A  det:;i[),    loose,    p;ravelly 
soil  y/il3,be      favorable    if   the    finer    30x1   cannot   be    had     ;    In 
case    tjif.    soil   is   naturally  Arer,'    poor    it   may  be   enriched  by 
addinj"  'veil  rotted  manurF.   or    le.af  mould.        The    onl>'  jirepara- 
tion  n^ Qf-.nnviT^j -f    if  the    frrcund   has   bee"a  under  cultiAration   is  a 
deep  spadtn.pr   and   a  tl-oroacli    r^iJcinp;.        If  pasture   land    is   iised 
it   will  brin-:  bettei    results,    to   spade  or  plo-K  t}:e    seed  bed 
site   durinio;  the    preceeding  fall,    to   a  depth  of   ten   to   twelve 
inches,    and    if  possible    spadtnp;    In   a  liberal  amount    of  rotted 
manure,        T»?arly  the    ne-'t   sprmfr  the    ground  Bhoiild  be   again 
plowed,    thoroughly   pulverised    pjai  rakea  off   level.        Too    coed 
a  preparation  cannot   be   given   a   seed  bed  for-  the   beat   results. 
The    Bi7,e    of   the    seed    bed   is   of   course  aependent    upon  th^e    iunomit 
of    sei.d  'to  be    :-3cv;n    ;   the  v;ldt>t.   s/ioula  be^Jt  be  fc/ar    feet. 
Stakes   twelve   to   fourteen   inches    ^^bove    iTj'ound  are  o.rxven   in  on 
the   upper   side   of   the  bed  two    Inclies  hi/^her   than   those   upon 
the   lower   .gide  ,        U^on  the   upper   pa.rt   of   these   stake. ■;  ar"e 


M. 


nailed     strips    of  "boards  two    innhfiB  wide  and.  onf.    xnci    -ihink, 
Meel'ian,    one    oi"    '.-.he    juost   extensive  propagators   of   trees    in 
general,    tron  seed,    does  not   make    a  frarae   aroimd  the   seed 
Ijeds,        The  iDeds  are  made  oj"  varying  lengths,    fow    fecr'-.   \s/;i.de 
and  6t;ikes   are   driven   uijon  which   to   support   the   shades.        This 
method   is   airaple   a, -'Xt  answers  well  for  thf:   mo  ;-•:  liardy  seed    \  "b 
bnt    in  order    to    guard  a/^ainat   thf-:   different   external    .mflvt- 
enccs  the   niethoa  of    enclosin«c  the   seed  bed,    for   the   more 
de-lica.te   seeds   is  'test.       'Soy   the   rarer   nand  tender   species 
thf.  practice   of  gaoling  the    seedlings    in  flatr-,,    indoors,    is 
coinrnon    ;   hy  sn   doinp*  t  te    root    Bystcxri   is  munh  strengf.bened  and 
the   youncf   plants  withataaid    transplanting  much  better. 

In   the   aovring    of    seed   there   are  two   general  methods  with 
their   variations    ;    these  are    known   aa  hroadcast   raid  ci.rills. 
The   department   of  forestrj'"  at   WashinEton  advocate  four    methods 
of   seeding,    namely   :    (1)   broadcaatinK   over  the  wliole   area  of 
the    bed,    (2)   hj  cadcastin"  in   strips   six   to   eight    inches  wide, 
(lO    sowing  in   single    drills,    and   (^)    sowing   ax   uoube   drills. 
The   chief  advantages  of   the   hroadcast   j-uetjicd  arc  that   a     larger 
number  of    seedlings    can  he   gr'own   upon   a  given  area  than  hy  any 
Othei'   jriethod   ;    and   it    is   often   the   case,    especially  wit}":   hroad 
leaf   trees,    frat   siich  a  stand   0/   seedlings  /ijay  'be   secared  as 
v/ill   choke   out   the    greater    m.«ni^ei"    of   tl\e  weeds  which   come  up* 
It    is,    however,    seen   that   the    failure  of   certain  aef-^ds    to 
geriTiinate  will    '-ause  hare   spaces    in  the  bed,    upon  which  weeds 
will   grow.        The  second  method  n.^-ced  is,    for    the  most    part, 


5f. 


"but  a  coraproifliBft  "between  Ihe   drill    rind  tie   "broadoast   t;>ieory, 
axid  com'foines  to   a    -greater  or   less  extent   the    -i.nfllvidu-;,!  merits 
of  e-iOii,        Where  the  jnethod  of   oroadcaatinf   in   str.i.p^   is 
adopted,    a  space   of   six   inclie-s   ia   usually   left  t.Ktvreen  the 
seeded  sti'.lps  to   allot;  cult  It al; ion  with  s.   narrow   r?J<e,        The 
advarita/isa  of  th.e   drill  aurthod  of  sov;in,=^  s«'-.d  are    :    that  the 
seeds   in  drills  produce   plants  of   gre^ater  vigor-    and  niOi-e  uni* 
foriJi  size   throucliou:-.  thf:   ijcd    ;   iuid  also   faoi:|.ita.te  veedinp;  and 
alio??  cf  'iaoi-o   eas;-"  cultiYatiOi-  v?hich  ir.   ol'ten  -^-e.TY  ht^nef icial 
to  the    ;/o&ig  jilajits  hy  j-.revf.nting  a  rapid  evaporation  froiA  th.e 
soi4..        The    single,    drills  and  tlic    couplets   of  double   arills 
are    six  inches  §,part  ,  \vhile   th?-    individual  rows   of  the,   coup-' 
lets    arrc  thre^i   inches   ap.irt,        Wc  rr.a,'    readily  sec   that   ^rith 
the  I'jor  f;   coreaon  seeda  whic?t  are  proiucoa  abiindantly  and 
possess  a  good   vje rcent agf:   of   ^eriixnat io.n,   that   upon   general 
principles    -and  frcji  a;i.    occnor^ical   at  andpo.mt  ,    it    is  fully    as 
advisable,    to    adopt    the     f  L.r  nt   general   nieithod   ;iS    the    second. 
If   t}ie   se^d   possetis  a  hich   rata  of   perK'.ination    it    i3  always 
"better  to  KO-v   thin  a.,nd    in  all  cases  tht-    expensive   conifer 
seeds    shc/ld  he    sown  -tith   .ff;3-r,at:   oare    and  with  economy.      Ltg-ht 
seeds,    snoh   aa    those   of   Ar"ho3-vitav5s ,   Li'bccedrus,    Cyijress,    and 
the  SiXiall-:}-  Pin''-;,    SprMcrv,   Heiolcck,   ?tr   and  Larch   seed  are  very 
diff  icvilt    to  sow    in  siicli  -x  mi^Jinej-*   that    the^   will  no^    re  quire 
thinning . 

Seed   should   be    sovrn  fj^om   e^irly   April  to   tl-^e   jtiiddle    of 
May,        The    ti:me  depends   upon  t?ie  rep:ion  and   oliuiate    ;    in 


4-0. 


general  ■'ihe.y  may  t,)C   so<m    in  the    sorin,-;  as   soon   ;ir  tjie    ^;o.ll   Is 
dry  enougji  to  'be  ea.-.  ily  v^orked ,  -whio'i-  1,  iiae   in   oixr  L]or:lisrn 
stated    Is   ti-nit  the    first   of  April   to   tlu-.   tv/cntiet]i  of   li<rj » 
They  are   best   sown,  when   the,    soil    is   rnoist    ;    n€;^rr,T  ■vvhe.n  it    is 
wet,    oj-   en*:irely  'iry.        Seeds  ?;}):to]'!    .hare    be-en   stored  durin-^ 
the   winter    In  a  dry,    cool  place  v/ill  do   "better   ii'   sown   promptly 
<?<.fter   beifL-j:   t'^Jceri  I'rom   the    storage , 

Tlar. every  small  seeds   should   by  no   means   \w.   covered  as 
deeply  as   the    laj~ger    ones.        The   proper   depth    of  oovei  ing,     • 
when   fidved,    is    important.        In   ,f^.nerai    se^ds  vrhioh   a- e    sown 
■broadcast    are   no'    covered   a»    deeply  ar-'    tho»e   aov«rj    in  drills. 
If   the    cover  in."  is   t''0    3."  allo\i,^   t}i.e    se^.ds  may  be  washe:!  out, 
and  if  too   deep  they  niay  ro-i-    ijefore   f^enrinatinp; ,    or   the   seed 
jcnay  not   ha^re   ftnfficient    enejgy  to    push  throup'}'    the   heavy- 
covering.        Small   Beed   should,    as    a  r'.ile  ,    be    covered   irom  two 
to    three   timeB  thsir    diameter    \    large    seeds  laay   be   coirered 
twice    their   depth.        It    is   best    after  sowin,-';  the    seed  to   firm 
the   earth   over  the    seed  rows  by  light   rollinr::,    or   ijressing 
down  Tv'ith  a  board.        Varioiis  kinds   of  j'ialc};iing   iray   be   resori:ed 
to   fojf    projection    a.o-ainst  -,¥ind  and   sun    ;    the    Siu  f ace    of  the 
bsd  Kuay  be    kept   danspened  "by  iiiulching  vith  nc-;Sp     sawdust,    or 
litter  from   the    surface  of  the    ."riound    in  the  v'ocds.        An  even 
supply  of  rioistiire    in  thie    seed  'bed  w.iil    'dve    the   hirhest  rate 
of   ger/uinat  ion   in  +he   shortest   tiiae.        The    aiw  of  tlte   pi  opaga- 
tor   should  be   to   keep   the   soil  just   moist    and  apply  water   only 
when   it  becomes  necessary. 


^/. 


T'fc.e   gsai   A-ith  proii&r   care  .^jiould  j^er'ninate    in  iro/u  tlu'ee 
to  fiye  weeks    ;    however   sucia  seeds  aa  Juniper  and  others  are 
oftej-;  apt  to  lis   in  i;he   seed  bed   di.ii"inj  a  ye-u'   oi-   luort.  t^e. fore- 
gen!,  inat  Ion  t;-vV£K5   ijlace ,        A  widft  (Sirierenoe  exists    xn  the 
germination     of   seeds  froru   different   local  it ieH.        Norway 
Spruce    j   Wjiite   Spni.ce    ,   Sootcli,    Austii^m  and   Mountain  Pine,    j 
Color adn   Con.lferfi,    Picea  Panniens    ;;tnd  P.vCeH  lagolraanni,    ooioe 
up  ai-mit   th(-,   sai-i.i.   tiKK.        Abies  Ma;<;nlfioa  .uid  Allies   G-randls 
come   uvi  at   lon?3    in'-.eryaJ.s,   the    first   seed  to   appear  "i.ieing   isi 
April  and  t5":e    ?i.£Lst    .tri  late   suKu-aer,        Various  IcindtJ  ol'   Cypretss 
are    ir '-e t!;ul ar  ;    afl    aj-e    aliio   SciadciJityr.  ^    and  LilDOoerdrriS  ,        Seed 
of  the  n&.tiYe  White   Pint    are   t]'e   jnop.t    irrec-^ular    .lu   gei-mina.t  ion. 

The   necessity"  of  an  even  supple    of   uio.isture   to    the   seed 
l>ed  "beforp    g^-ri'iination   h:-,3   Tacer^,  cited    ;   the   sainc    ie   also  true 
after  ih'^'    se'--dF,  have   geri!iin?..ted,        Seedlings  of   conifers,    c.s   a 
rule,    reqrtj.re    le.ss  watering;;   thar.  do    thorap   of   the   hroadleaf 
tree?;.        If   the   natUT  a.L   agencies  dc    not    si.;.ppl:>'   vvater   eriou.^i, 
the  'beds   should  tje   artificially  watered  once  or    t-wiee  a  week    j 
applyinp:    the  water    in  quantities    suffie.i.ent    to    saturate   the 
soil    to   a   depth   of  six  to    eight    inches  deep.,        See'Ilin^!;s    Bhou-Id 
not  he   .allowed  to    dry   out.    ;    on  the    ot.Vi.Kx-    .hand,    for   heet   results, 
the   hed  ahould  he   closely  watched  and   nearer    allov-'f-d   to   dry 
enou.^'"'    to   five  the    seedlin.c;.^    t.he  least    creek.        Seed   Sjeds 
shoruld  he    3cftp^-.   free   froiu  weeds    a.-jd    if  t}ie   dr.).ll  .Jiethoa    is   us8d, 
the    soil  should  h?^.   kept  well  cultivated  hetween  the    rov/s. 


1.  R.   Douglas    ;    Garden  1897 


41 


TlTe   protectirn  of  the    seedlings   dur'lng  t>!f.    first  winter, 
in  \Yp.   northern  states,    is   quite   essential,        Whtirf-   r.iics   secd- 
linf^B  y.rf?    In   ro^m  tl.e  no  st    effective   protection   is   to   bank  on 
efither    side   of  the   row  witJ\  earth   •,    tc-    prote-ot    those    so?7:i   xii 
tJif.   broadcast  mann;,r    a  cover in;^  consistinp   of   a  foot   or-   nioie 
of  stra-r  spread   ovej-   i'.hc   tops  and  rield   dowii  by  mear.B   of   pine 
■boi).''3'ho    is   quite   sirfficient.        Th*.  loethods  of   Bhading   and 
transplant  in--  are   treated  in  folloi'inp;  ch-ipi-er^. 


4^3. 


SHADING 

For  the  "best  results   in  the   growing  of   seedlings    it    is 
most  necessary  that    the   seed  hed  should  te   shaded  in  order  to 
protect    the    soil  from  "being  suhjected  to   too   great  evaporation, 
and  the   tender    seedlings  from  exposxire   to   the  blazing   sim  of 
mid-day. 

In  addition  to   these  methods  used  solely  for   shading 
there  is   another   object   of  fully  as   great    importance    ;    it    is 
that  of  supplying  protection  against   the  birds.        Just   at  the 
time  when  the   tender   seedlings  are  appearing  above  the   surface 
and  before    they  have    shed  the  seed  coat  the  birds  have  a  strong 
tendency  of  picking  these  off  and    in  so  doing  totally  destroy- 
ing the   young  plant.       Whole   beds  have  been  destroyed   in  a  few 
hours  by  birds,   and  hence   it   becomes  necessary  to   use  the 
screens  at   this  state  of  development   as  a  means   of  protection 
against  birds  as  well  as  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

There  are  various  types  of  shading   ;  these  differing  with 
the  facilities,   the   object   sought,    and  the  conditions  under 
which  the   bed   exists, 

1,   Lath  screens.        These  are  most   universally  used   among 
propagators  of  both  ornamental  and  forest   trees.        The   screens 
are  four  feet   square   and  made  of   common  laths,    laid  at  right 
angles   in  a  double   series.        The    interstices  between  the   laths 


H-. 


are  square   and  equal    in  width  to    a  single  lath.        Such  screens 
are  laid  horizontally  over  the  beds    \   each  screen  iDeing  support- 
ed at   the  corners  \>y  posts   protruding  from  a  few  inches  to 
four  or  five  feet   aTsove  the   surface  of  the   seed  toed.        Where 
extensive  propagating;  is   carried  on,    such  screens  form  the 
most  efficient  method  of  protecting  and  shading  tlie  heds.   They 
allow  thoroijgh  ventilation   and  confine   the    shadows   to  no   one 
portion  of   the   surface    ;   these  changino-  with  the.    time   of  the 
day, 

2,  Brush   screens >        These  are   used  quite  extensively 
especially  where  one   desires  as   little  expense  as   possll^le  and 
is    In  the   close  vicinity  of    such  material.        Sometimes  the 
"boughs  or  small  branches  are  laid  directly  upon  the  surface  of 
the  bed   ;   but   more   often  they  are   raised  from  three  to  four 
feet   to   allC'-'r  weeding.       Wh^m  laid  directly  upon  the   surface 
of  the   bed  the  brush  must  be  removed  as  soon  as  the   young 
plants  germinate   in  order    to  allov/  of  weeding.        This  method 
of  shadin-  is  not   as  effective  as  that   of   lath  screens    ;    the 
intensity  of   the    shade  varying   greatly  and  more  or   less 
deca^red  matter  is  apt    to   get   upon  the    si^rface  of  the  bed, 

3,  Litter.        In  places  where  litter,    fr'om  the   ground 
beneath  forest  trees,    caii  be   obtained,   free  flr  om  weed  seed, 
etc.,    it   is  often  used  with  excellent  results.        As   soon  as 
the   seed  are  sown  this   litter   is  spread  a  few  inches   in  depth 
over  the  entire   surface  of  the    seed  bed,    thus  who  11  ■   protecting 
the   surface  against  the   drying   effects  of  vind  and  sun. 


//.? 


4:^-. 


Imn^diately  after   the   seedlings  "begin  to    show  on  the  surface 
of  the  "bed  this  litter  is  carefully  raked  away  and   just   a  thin 
coverin,?^  of  clean,  dry  sand  is  put   over  the  surface.       This 
also   protects   the     yoizng  roots,   w?tich  are  near  the   surface, 
from  drying   out.        It   often  happens   that    after  the    litter  has 
■been  reiuoved,    screens  of  lath  or  tnish   ai'e  placed  over  t?ie   "bed 
andnany  foresters   practice  the;   use  of  both  at  tlie   same    time, 

4.  Cloth  screens.        Where  the    seed  ai"e   in  fraraea  a  screen 
is   often  used,    made   of  cheesecloth  or   muslin,        A  frame  is 
made  over  the   glass,   supported  hy  posts  and   osrer  this   is 
placed  the   covering  of   cloth  ahove   named.        This  method  is 
adopted  "by  nurserymen  and  coimnercial   propagators  for  shading 
cutting  beds  out  of  doors, 

5.  Whitewash,        The   method  of  whitewashing  is   the,   most 
efficient   method  of  shaiding  cutting  beds    in  a  propagating 
house.        When  the    aun  "begins   to  "become   stronger   and  the  days 
are  warmer,    the   glass  directly  over   the  cutting  "bed  may  "be 
six"bjected  to  a  coat   of  whitewash.       This  xs   sometimes  necessary 
in  mid-winter    ;    its  adoption  depending  upon  the   hardiness  of 
the  cuttings    gro-v^n,  the   moisture  of   the   air   in  the  house  and 
the  temperature  prevailing. 

6.  There  have  "been  other  methods  more   or  less  used,    and 
mostly  of   little  practical  value    ;   among  which  ar-e  those  of 
covering  the  surface   of  the   seed  "bed  with  cocoanut  fiber  or 
moss,   to  keep  the   soil  uniformly  moist, 

7.  Shed  screens.        These  are  "built   of   slats,    usually 


4-6. 


three    inch  stuff   and  vary   in  size,    covering   areas  from  a  few 
eqtiare  feet  to   an  acre.        The   olDject  of  these   is   not    priraarily 
the   same  as  that   of  the   other  methods  named   ;    it   is  raostly  a 
means  "by  which  the   tender  cuttings  roay  he    "hardened  off"  "before 
being  placed   in  the  hahy  garden.        The   flats   containing  the 
rooted  cuttings   are  set   upon  the    ground  under  this   structure 
or  often  on  shelves   and  here  thej  are  left  iroia  the   spring 
after  "being   struck  to  the    succeeding  sprint;   ;    generally  a 
period  of   one   year. 

These   sheds   ars  often  ^rery  Tiseful  and   convenient   es   a 
place   in  which  to   store  the   flats  containing  the   slower   ger- 
minating seeds  of   the  more   hardy  species.        Tluis  method  is 
practiced  quite  extensively  "by  ¥.eehan   of  Philadelphia  in 
hardening  off  cuttings  of  the  conifers. 

As  regards  the  length  of  time  which  such  shade   should  he 
applied  to  the   seedlings,   it   is   generally  "best   to   teep  the 
seed  heds  J    containing  conifer   seedlings,   shaded  fropi  the    time 
that  the  seeds  are    sown  until  the   fall   of  the  succeeding  year    ; 
removing  the   screens   only  upon  cloudy  days   or    during   light 
showsrs.        However,   provided  the    soil  in  the   seed  hed  is   suffi- 
ciently moist   at    the   tirre  previous   to   a  shower,    the    screens 
may  "be   left   on  as   a  partial  means   of   shedding  some    of  the 
water.       With   most    of  the  hroad  leaf  seedlings  thf    practice   of 
continuous    shading,    as  applied  to   the  conifers,    is  not   neces- 
sary.       After   the   second  leaves  have   appeared  sucli  seedlings 


^t 


are   little   affected  lay  the   sun  an'i  raay  be   left    unprotected 
except  during  tl-ie  middle   of   tlie  warmest  days. 

Conifer  seedlings  grown   in  tho   shade   of   other   trees 
require   little  or   no  artificial  protection. 


4r 


G  R  A  y   T    [    N   G 

drafting  as    applied  to   conifers  has    been  until  recent 
years   aii  art,    the    ^practice   of  whxch  many    of  our   best   pi'opc-Aga- 
tors    avoiried.        It    is,    however,    at   the    present,   tine,    quite 
extensively  jjracticed   and   for  raan;-   purposes   servea    better   than 
some   of   the   other  methods.        At  first    oonsidered  a  moat    diffi- 
cult  feat,    requiring   Bkill   and  Tjractioe    j    :tt    is   jiow  icno/ai   to 
"be    auccessful,    and   performed  vsrith    decided  ear^e   and   certainty, 
althoiiffh   it   requires   reore   time   to    complete   the   union   of   scion 
and   graft    in  conifers  than   in  hard^rond   trees.        The   treatment 
of   the    Btooks   and   scionr.    together   with  tie    methods  of   laalcing 
the    graft    are   somevriiat   different   froTfi  those  adopted   in  the 
prod'acing  of  ornamental  d(^ciduor<3    trees    in  the   Bi-miB  Lna.nner, 
Wit}-:    the    latter    the   methods  T(-?_ry  /greatly  in  different    genera  } 
v/hile    the   8ame  luethods  apply   generally  to    all   conifers.        Root 
grafting   r.-hile   I'arely  practiced  with   conifers,    is   seen  ioxiry 
times    in  tlie   reprodncti. on   of  varieties   of  hardwood   trees    ; 
cleft   grafting  though  cornmon    in  the    latter   is  practiced  only 
rarely   vith  conifers. 

The   great  majority   of   the    grafting  perforreea   in  x-his 
country    is    that   practiced  among  the    nurser;/men  and  hotanists. 
The  stocks    upon  whie}-;   the   grafting   is    done    are  mostly  of 
foreign  origin.        They  are    imported  to   this  country   each   year 


4-f 


from  foreign  countriss   such   as  7r  ceic  e  ani  '^^-ermany    ;    countries 
in  which,  lauor   i3   cheaj'   and   riat-.^ra).   c on di ;,-•.. onfc   are   adapted  to 
the  wor-k:,        'Diere   is  no   dou'bt   l/ut    that  home   growri  stocl^s    are 
fully   as  well  adapted,  to  the  work    ;   'but    fji.e   cost    of   prodixcing 
such,   upon  a  copjiTiei-cial  basis,    I'S  so  much   greater  than   the   net 
cost   of   iraportation,    ths^t  '^^e;    sec  -^trj  few   plants  upon   domestic 
roots. 

Seedlings   of   the   conmion  type    species   arf.    LB'.i,)orted    at  the 
a.ga  of  two   to   three   year's  and   .Irmiied lately  potted   into   fear   to 
six    moh   pots    ana   Boraetiraes  larger  j    if  the   development   of   the 
root    systera  requires.        Home  grown   seedlings  iiiay  be   taken 
directly  from  tlrie   flats   under  t?>c.   hardening  oti:  frtunt;   and 
potted   in  the   sasK.:;  inanner.        Tht;   size    of  these   plnnta,   used 
for   grafting  piirposes,    should  he   t3u.ch  that  the    diameter  of   the 
main  steiu  ranges   froiu  one-eip;hth  to   one-foiirth    Inches.        If 
the   yo\uig  plants  are   in  a  frame    oat   of  doors   they  should  he 
poi.ted  duj-ing   SejM:.  ember   or  October   and  placed  u^ion  y.  bench  in 
the   i:)ropa4Q;ating  house ,    w.ith  the   tcjupei-atror-e   ranginfV  from  60  to 
80   df;g,vees,        A.11    Buch   pilots    Bj-i.oula  yJLwayg  he   potted  long 
enoufj!:h  before   grafting,    so  that  the   }-oot   systera  -^^'ill  have 
become  thoroughly  well  estahlished    in  the   new    situation. 

The    seaBon  for    eraj'^tinp:  conifers  is  d^.xring  the   ■^■ime  "b 
"between   the   middle   of   j)ecember   and    the  firot    of  Jiar ch .        Many 
do  the    gi-aftin;^^  between  early  AugiiBi,   and  Ootobej-    and  many  also 
fail  at   this   time.        TJie   cause   of  failure    be  in;-.;  due   to   change- 
able weather  and  difxicult.:,'    of   keeping:    a  steady  degree  of 
temperature.        After  the  middle   of  March  the   union  of    the   stock 


iTO. 


and  scion  is  much  more   di.rricalt   to  o].;r.ain   ,    ajid    it    is   neces- 
sary  tc    take   great   precaution   against   ext?.rn&.l    inflvicnnes , 
which  iriay   lead   to    failure.        Graftinp   should   always  iDf;    perform- 
ed lender   glasB   tor   i.he  LcsL   rRGiilts,        Duj'ing  tlie   winter   months 
t>ie   temperature   arid  jriOi>it".ir r    cor.dit ic>is   of  the-:    [.■rorj?^c-Atxnii 
house  may  lie   controilsd  and  kepi'-    ;;io2' e   constant    than  during   the 
spring    and  fall  racnthe  vrhfin    it    dei-)Oiues  very  diffj.ci'lt    to    con- 
tr  o  1 » 

The    ncions,    if   of   the,  snore    ooin.rrton  yaiiieties,    and  from 
trees   close   at   hand^    -."lay  he;    gathered  at  any  tiiw:   dm-inH;  tl-.e 
winter  prf^vious   to   a  fe>"  dayr   before    thf-tine   of   ffraftin^r  atid 
stored    in  a  cool  cellar      in  moss,    th?    tempej- aturp.  heing  suffi- 
cient.ly  low  so   that    growth  will  not  "De   excited,    3>ri.'i    ist  ill   the 
scions  -■'7111   not  he    suhjec^.ed  to    freezin^:   effects.        Scions    if 
received   in  the    fa.ll,    roay  be    stored  or    if   necef'sity  urges, 
they  may  he   at    once   prafterJ.    f^reat  care   he  inf-r   exercised  with 
the    plants  f i- om  the.i    on,        C o rmof : r c i al  pro^m gators  prefer,   when 
pOBSihlft.    to    gather   the    Bcions   "btit    a  few    days    pJ■^:vio  •.;,•:;   to    the 
grafting,    and,    if  frozen,    see  that   they  are  well  tha^ved   out 
"before   i^.Bing,        The  scions   are   tnken   froro  the    last    sn.iiiin.er '  s 
grovv'th    ;    genera^.ly  heing  aurora  two   to   three    in<''.he3   long. 

The  prexjaratinn  of    the    stcoko    for    tl-ie    opei^ation   consists 
going   oyer    all  of  tJ^e    plants   ahciit    tis,'o   weeks   previous   to  this 
time   and   cleansinf^  Cfich   plant   thoroHi?;i.ly.         A.t.    the   sa.-ae  time 
any  long  stra,c:gliny:   ahootn  ja--^--  well   he  shorteneci.        The    plants 
raa,y  then  he   jjlaoed   in  the    propa^:ating  frame,   which    is    a  section 
of  a  hench  covered  with  sash   ;   here  they   are  kept   rather  close 


^7 


in  order  to    sncoaraf^e    a  "brisk  o  irculat  Icm  of   the   sap.        This 
is   iflos-f-   advisai-sle    ;   hoomver   it   roa;'  lip.    ''l.iBx;'enspd  with,    as  a 
prepavator-.y  stf;x),    if   the   tenpei'atnre   and  snointivre   conditions 
of    the  propagatin,'-  hoiiae  are  well  controlled. 

At    the   time   of"  fyrafting,    the    stocks    s}'oiJ.ld  not  'oe    out 
dovvn  e-/.   .all,   ot>iP::rwlsf5   thf.   flov^  of   sap  x.oy<!a.r<%s  the  mutxla,ted 
portion  will  "i-^e    so  great   as    to   kill   the   ,o;raft, 

Thi^   j'tcthods     adapted  to   these   trees  a;-e   known   as  side, 
Yenertr   a/.id  s addle p:raJ't in/?"    ;    cleft    i-:raftinf^  5.3    pract.  ice;d  more 
with  the.    pines   tha  1  with  tha    othei'    geiiei'a,        Sidb  or   veneer 
graftirif';   is  hest   adapted  arid  most:   universaiJ.^'    practicea   ;    it 
has  the   strong  ailvantaf^e  ovt-r  clef tgj-Hj' ting      and   saddle    graft- 
ing,    in  that   if   thr,    graft   does   not  take   at   the  first    operation, 
the   Btock    Ls   not    destroyed  foi    t>.o   seaf>on.        The    operation  in 
sp.oh  case  raay  hr,   readily  repeated  upon   ■'U'lOthBr    side,   of    the 
stern  or    a  little    lower   dovvn.        This   is   iiupoas-.fole    in  oleft 
gr-afting.    in  W-'^ich  c^ise   tht,    stock  is   v/ort.hless    ;.;ntil  tiie  fol- 
lowing season.        13y  ■.ae  tii-i  ;^   of   the   foregoing  iaet>,odj    propagators 
suocoed   in  uniting    from  '.vO   to    95  pt.?    cent    of  tht.    plants. 

The    modQ   of  m;aking   the   graf',   consists    ;    f ij  st   in  taking  a 

good  healthy  one   yes.r    old  shoot,    fi  cm  t"'jvo    to  four    incfies    long, 

cut   the   end  off  clean   and  square,    arirt    also   shave   oi'.,    a   piece 

of  th^   wood  aliout   e-qr^al    in   length   to   ti' e   cut    r:iade    upon  the 

stock.        T'/ift   stock   in    prepared    by  selecting  a  smooth,   place 

upon    t'AP.   storn,    qu.it  e  nenr  the    su.'-face   of   th'r    aoil,    at    tiiis 

point    make    .-i  clean    tangential   (;u-f.    downwards  varying    in  length 

fro'in   one-}ialf   to    three-fourths   of  an   inch,    at   its   terir.inat ion 
TT ~^ a i le y '  s    "Nur-¥eFy  B 60k"    ( Gr af t  i n g ) 


<^'A. 


make   a  t rans ">'"?? rse   cvx ,    thu;-,   reriovlnp   a  p.iK.-^'-!  oi*    I'-.he   T.)ark  wood 
aw^.y  r.r'O'-  t}-e    Bi'\^   of  tr  e  st.Gck.        The  'outt   en.d    cf    the   scion 
aia.-r  tJ'fia  "be    placed  vpon  the   notch,    exerc  i.3in'',    carf-;   t)ic..f.    the 
"b&rk   on  onf^   -sifio  ma.:'-  f^xaotly   coincidF.   alonf  the    ..^rh.ol6;  lerifT^th 

of     th'=;    0T5.t,  , 

Oleft    graft inf;  vasy   be.    perforce ■!!   either  lAfith   the    doy.hle 
scion   or   with   a   si  riffle   one.        Thft   latter   "beLoc'   the    raojf:   prova- 
ler.»-  , 

The   si/nplest  ir.ethod   used,    is   that    of   side    grafting;   per- 
forni.ed    sI.T:13.arlv    to    inarch  Ing,        The    fitock   is   shaved  c;t  the 
side   for  a   length  of  one-half    to   thr ee-fouri-,hs  of   .un  inch    and 
a   sirailar    oat    is  made    upon  the   t^cion.        The    two   surfaces   are 
laid   tOQ-ether   and  heTid   in  i^lace  hy  nisans    of   raffia  or  .p;rafting 
wax.        After   gra,ftin:-^  the   point   of   proposed  nnion  may  ha 
coYer'-;d  ^;f it h  p;r.:drtinf^   wax  if  the  3 ur rounding  conditiom^   are  not 
ide-il    ;    the   gene  txl   iTiethod  "oeinfr    that   of  hindin.q;  with  raffia 
or   grafting:  cotton   to    hold    t}"<-;   acion    in  place. 

The   grafted    plants,    for    tho  host   r^^snl-*:!?;,    should    be    laid 

upon  thriir    sides    in  a  close  frfm?;   which  har,    he.'.n  pre;yionsly 

prepare'!   by  ".diitewashinsi   thoroughly/  and   pittinr;   a  few  iiiches 

of  moQB   in   the   hottoiri,        TJioy  ahould  he    shaded  froii,  th;;   sxm 

during  the   first  fe-?  days   and  alvvays    vrell  siu-O'iixled,    at    the 

"base   eBpeoial?.y,   with  rfioss.        Thf:   rietiiod  of  co-.-e)in,c;  v/ith   mosB 

reqnirp^B   I'hss  care   to    recciyr   tl-.c   hest   results,        Th--:   .vtockB 

shiou3.d  he  watf-;rf;d   aftcj-    t];is,    only  w?ion   necr.ssaiy    :-i.r\d  \vatering 

shrnld  hft   confined  to   thr;   rnoti;;    ;    cure  heinf^  taken  that    it 

doe  s  '        " 

1,  Bailey '  s^JTursery     Book" 


sd'3. 


does  not.   toncY-   the    point  of   ^.n.'.on.        Any  siiperalnmdant    raoxB- 
+i'.re    im  tj.'.B  fr.-^j^e    vie./y  Ise  lirled   up  by     TBJ.sintj   the    cover  for  a 
shor-^    ti?;?;  each   riiorninf^.        T/ie    object   ci'    t>iK    traiue  Ising   to 
pii.ve  the   plants  a  oorirttant    heat   aad  prevent    excessive   evapoj-a- 
tlon,   -r i.','hoi.i+    l<ceptn;;'     '.oo   raois'J".        ITnln?7   s'uniXd  "be   complete 
in  Trorf'  four   tn   six  Vireekfi    ;   at  ?r"-lG"    Mnse    a  calln.^od  a-x-pfiaranoe 
will  tie    seen  around  t}i.e  point    of  pv';Lherenoe.        Ai'ter    thf:   -anion 
is  v/ell  completed,    t}:x;   tof^  s}\onlfi   te   sl-ortened  'back,    not  too 
flovRrely    ;    r^:^:ny  .f ailur'sp.   rf.ir.;lt    jircuj  too    clcf-^t-    hpadin.;-  tack. 
Thif!    IB  especially  tyae    in   the.    c'lJOf:,   oi'   Plnf;,3    and  Spnicfis  which 
am   very   suscept  Lhlr. .         In  ahout   eip:ht   wce-V^   tl-r.   plr/xits  uTiay  he 
tSiJcF7i  from  thp-    frai-'ie   ^jjd   placed  upon  the   )-ei~alcir    hcncliCS    in 
thrpi2rGpap:c!Ltin;v   liOT'se,        Tliey  can  novr  he   t related  RiKxlar  to 
of-er    plants.        "Oui  inr*  the    follo-v-?nf\  STirinp;   tnc:y   ija.y  I'e   cut 
h  :ck  q^eltf    clcsfcly  anri   set    nv;:-,   of    doors    In  a   frame    j    the 
follow  in  ■■^  -jirinter    they  I'-ay  he  Vvintcred  in  a  fraj/ie    exifl  B^-,t    into 
thf:    nursery  the    next    BiTxnp:,       TO'>.xle    t>;e   biridinr?  rcriia..ns  over 
the   "oiM'iP.   of   the    r^rafs.    c;ire   aV'OUld   be   t;ij\;en   to   fioe   that   no 
'icri  cut   the    ac  iori    ;    ties  ns.y  iK-:    rcrcovsd  B.'n   f.oon   as    the    nnion 
is   conplPte. 

Follo^vin-':    is    a  likjt   ci    the    Htook.5  v^ea  102    ;.   £'^^\,  of   the 
more    oorniunn   conifers. 


>y-f: 


Stock  -0  propagate 

Arancaria  Ia.ljrJ.cata  ArancarJ.a 

Ki^ji&s   pec  in  at.  a,,   AtieB   ijalaaviea  A  Dies 

Picca  excels  a,    Picea  AIL  a  Picca 

Tauga  Canadensia  TsUii;"a 

T  axo  d  L  xixii  3 }  i  s  t  i  c  i'i  liHi  'J  H^KO  d  1 1.  i » > 
Ghai-iaecypafis  Pis  if  era,    Ch.-,^xr.iarjoy]Hiris   o'btana  Ch.ams,ecyparis 

Cupressus  Lawsoniana  C-upressus 

Thaya  Oco-i.aen'oalis  Thuya 

JunipfifUB  Virg in ,i.ana  truniperus 

Puius  Stro^bus,   Pinus   Sylvestris  Pimas 

Taxu.s  Jiaccata  TaKug 

Larix  Tiluropea  Larlx 

BilDocedrus    is   pxai^'-'^^'i  upon  Thnva  Sitie*isis 

In   i^encral,    t-he   goldf.'n  or   •'■arie-ateri   forjx:.-;    of  Taxiis, 
Cupre?i3UB,    T}:.uyopsi8;    Tj^i;;-;.    aa'.!   C}iaiaa€c:'paris    are   reproduced 
"by  ^rraftin-'';   upo?i  +,>;-,   nnjrooon   r-.nri.   liar  die  7-  stcnkn   most   fvvasily 
obtained.         "Ci.it tin;~"   planf-,3   arc  -very   seldnvri  usen    :Cor   stoc3<s. 


^"s^" 


TEANSPLA.MTINCT 

The  operation  of  trans  plant  inp;   should  always   "be    performed 
with  as   little  exposixre    of   the  roots  as  possi"ble.        The  very 
small  root   hairs,    or  the   feeding  cells,   upon  the   roots   of   the 
plant  perish  quickly    if  left  exposed,    for  even  a  few  minutes 
to   the  dry  atmosphere.        Roots  of  conifers  are   particularly 
sensitive,    hence  more   careful  attention  should  be  given  to 
these   than   to   those  of  "broad  leaved  trees.        It    is  the  case   of 
oftentimes   that   trees   of  Inroad  leaved  species  have  their   roots 
dried   out   and  yet   with  ijroper  care  revive    and  live    j   with  the 
conifers,    once  dried,    the   roots  loose   all   vitality. 

The   proper   season  for   transplanting  yoxmg  trees   is  just 
"before   growth  hegins    in  the    spring   j    it   is   then  that   the   seed- 
lings  are   likely  to  receive   the   least    injury.        In  parts  of 
the   country  where  the  winter   is  the    only  season  with  a'bTindant 
rainfall,    the   transplant in.p-  should  "be  done  during  the  rainy 
season.        In  our    eastern   states  transplanting    in  the   fall    is 
quite   common,    though   small  seedlings   should  "be   carefully  pro- 
tected "by  mulching,    in  such  cases,    as   a  prevention  against 
"being  heaved   out  'by  the   frost.        Conifers    as   a  rule,   with  the 
exception   of  Larch  and  Tamarack  which  are  deciduous,   may  be 
planted  later   in  the    season  than  broad  leaf  trees. 


^-■i 


^'6. 


It   is  test   to    choose   a  wet  or  cloudy  day  for  transpla.nt- 
ing    ;   however   it  often   hapi^ens   that  this  work  must  "be    done   at 
other  times.        If   done    in  dry  weather   the  ntar-sery  "beds  or 
trenches   shoiild  he   thoroughly  soaked  a  few  days  hefore   remov- 
ing the   seedlings.        Many  conifers   as   the   yellow  and  long  leaf 
pine,  and  "broad  leaf  trees  with  long   tap  roots,    should  have 
the  roots  pruned  in  the    seed  "bed.        With   small   seedlings   this 
may  he    done  with  a   sharp,   flat   spadje   or    implenients  designed 
especially  fe r  the  work. 

It    is   sometimes  necessary,    and  more  so   if    seedlings   are  to 
1)6  transferred  any  distance,    to  plunge  the    roots   immediately 
into    a  vessel  containing  a  mixture    of   earth  and  water  of   ahout 
the   consistence   of  molasses.        This   is  termed   "puddling"  and 
the  mixture  may  be  prepared   in  a  pail,    tuh   or   a  harrel.        By 
this  method  the   roots  are  covered  entirely  and   auhjected-  to 
drying  effects  of  wind  and  sun  prove  very  little    injurious   to 
them. 

With  the  conifers,  where  the  seed  are  sown  either  broad- 
cast or  otherwise  in  "beds,  it  "becomes  necessary  to  transplant 
the  greater  number  of  the  young  seedlings  to  the  ''■ba"by''  garden 
when  they  are  from  1  to  2  years  old.  This  enables  the  young 
plants  to  establish  a  larger  root  growth  and  to  be  far  better 
adapted  to  permanent  setting  out.  When  the  seedlings  are 
taken  from  the  se?  d  bed  they  should  be  dipped  in  a  puddle  and 
if  delay  is  necessary,  they  shoiUd  be  laid,  roots  together  in 
small  piles   of   50  to   100   and  covered  with  wet  blankets    j    the 


^l 


more   tender   ones  should  always  "be   transplanted  w;ithout  delay, 
the  roots  'being  kept   in  pans    of  water. 

Conifer oiis  seedlings,    as  a  riile,    should  "be   set  four    inches 
apart    in  the  rows   and  "broad  leaf  seedlings,    six  inches   apart. 
The  rows   should  "be   two   to    two  and  one-half  feet    apart,    and  all 
plants  should  "be   set   one    to  two    inches  deeper   in  the   rows  than 
they  were    in  the    seed  "bed. 

Trees,   like  ojiks,   walnut,    elm,    and  catalpa,   which  form 
long  fleshy  roots  during   the   first   season  shoiild  have   the   root 
severely  primed  "before   setting   in  the   niu'sery,   while    seedlings 
with  short,    fibrous  roots  nefd  little    or    no  cutting  "back. 
Seedlings  of  many  of   the   more   coiiMon  and  hardier  "bi'oad  leaf 
trees   are  often  taken  frojQ  the    seed  bed  in  the   fall  and   stored 
in  "bundles    in  cool,    dry  cellars   in  which  the  temperature    is 
constantl^y  a  little  a,"bove  freezing.        Here  they  are   stored, 
until   in  January   or  Pe"bruary  when  time   perrriits,    they  are    taken 
into   the  propagating  shed,    thoroughly  overhauled,   tops  and 
roots   pr  med  and  sorted  as  to    sizes.        They  are    then   tied  into 
"bundles  of  lOG  and  again  placed   in  storage   until  the  weather 
will   permit    transplanting   into  nursery  ro>-s    in   the   early 
s  pr  ing , 

In  case    no  rain  falls  %?ithin   ten  to   twent;'  days  after 
seedlings   have   "been  placed   in  nursery,   water   should  "be    afj  lied 
to   the   rows*        It   is  hest   to  water    after   setting  out    if  conve- 
nience will   allow. 

The    foregointr  statements   ajjply  as  well  to    the    transplant  ing[ 
of  cuttings   into  nursery  rows   as  to  seedlings.        The    treatment 
of  cuttings  will  "be   discussed  in  another   chapter. 


'6 


^-f. 


Table  Sho?/in;2  "^^^'^^  approximate  per  cent  of  Gerriination  of 
the  seod  of  many  of  our  iniportanb  trses. 

Percentage 
of  ^^^ernul.nation 
Name  of  the  Speeies  In  f'l-osh  seed 

'irhitG  Pine 70  to  80 

Pitch  Pins 60  to  85 

Scrub  Pine .  50  to  80 

Longleaf  Pine 50  to  70 

famai-ack 50  to  75 

Black  and  Red  Spruce 60. to  75 

GoiTJfiOn  Spruces  . 60  to  75 

HenilocK 30  to  60 

Balsarc  Fir 50  to  50 

White  ?lr 40  to  55 

Bald  C;q)ress  . 25  to  50 

Incense  Cedar   .  .  .  , 40  to  65 

Arborvitae 50  to  75 

Pacific  Arborvitae , 50  to  75 

Lav;son  Cypr-'^ss 25  to  40 

Red  <J"i;riipsr 50   to  75 

Walnut 75   to  80 

Buttorrmt 75    to  80 

HiCKorlos    (coriT-ion    species)     .    .     .     ,    _ 50    to  75 

Birch (Uj    to  80 

Beech 75   to  95 


.-f 


^-f. 


yai!i3   of   SDooies 


G.he.gt-nut  .  .  . 
i^hite  Oa]<  .  . 
Bur-r  Oak  .  .  . 
Cheetnu'ii  Oak  . 
Red  OaK'  .  .  . 
Slippery  Sim  . 
White  and  Co-K 
Hackberi-y  .  . 
K8a  Mulberry  . 
Osat'?e  Oran^^'e  . 
Tulip  Tr«?e  .  . 
Sweet  Gum  .  . 
Sycamore  .  .  . 
BlacK  C^arry  . 
Honey  Locust  . 
KeiitucKy  Coffee 
3u,s:a/-  Maple 
Red  Raple  .  , 
Salve;-  Maplo  . 
Box   "Elder      .     . 

A3I-1 

Catalpa      .    .    . 


Ir 


e  6 


Percentage 
of  p;^  rm j.n a t  i  on 
ir.  fre?h  seed 


75  to  95 
75  to  95 
70  to  95 
75  to  95 
GO  to  60 
50  to  75 
50  to  75 
70  to  80 
75  to  90 
60  to  95 
5  to  10 
50  to  75 
60  to  75 
75  to  80 
60  to  75 
oO  to  75 
30  to  50 
25  to  60 
25  to  60 
4-0  to  CO 
35  to  50 
40  to  75 


So. 


Approximate  height   attained  \>:j  seedlings   in  one  year 

Naiae   of   the;    species  Approximate 

heiftht    in   inches 

White  Pine 2,5-3.5 

Red  Pine 2        -3 

Scotch  Pine 2        -4 

Tamarack    , %        -3 

White   Spruce X.5   -   2.5 

Black   Spruce    1.5-2.5 

Elue  Spruce , 1.5-3 

Engelnian  Spruce 2        -3,5 

Red  -^xr 3        -   4.5 

Hemloclc 2        -   3.6 

Arhorvitae    .....    1,5-2,5 

Incense  Cedax 2        -3 

Lav;soa  Cypress    , 1,5-2,5 

Red  Juniper 2        -3,5 

Oak    (White,    Chestnut,   Post,   Burr)      , 5        -   9 

Oak  (Red,  Black,    Scarlet,    Pin) 6        -12 

Ash 6        -10 

Walnut    (Jupflans) ,.......,.  10        -14 

Hickory 6       -9 

Elm  (American,  Corked) 5   -10 

Slippery  Elm ,  .  10   -18 

Hackberry 5   -12 


SI. 


Approximate 
Name  of  the  species  height  in  inches 

Mulberry 8-10 

Black  Locust 18-20 

Honey  Locust 6-14 

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree 6-12 

Birch 3-   8 

Black  Cherry 8-14 

Sugar  Maple 6-12 

Red  Maple 6-10 

Sllve-  Maple 12-20 

Box  Elder 10-14 

Basswood 6-12 

Hardy  Catalpa 14-20 


s^. 


Table   ahov'inr   the  niCibev    of   tree   se?d.  X'Si""   ounce   and  pound, 
and   alsc   trie   approximate   nuiiitsr   c^f  liiie-'.r  feet   oi    seed   drill 
covered,  by   cv^cr.  quantity. 

Approxi-   Approximate 

ciate  nuinlDer-  number 

of  linear  of  linear 

feet   of  feet   of 

ivarnber   of               ?\'ujiiber   of   sesd  drill  seed   drill 

^eeds    In  1              seed   ir>      covorod  by  c.overed  by 

¥.3.r.:e   of   species      '^  ounce                     1   pcuid         1   runce  -1 -o-aR-c-e- 

i^hito   Pine                       1,800                       28,800                26  576 

Red.   Pino                              4,7^.0                         7G,loO                  7u  1,200 

Hull   Pine                               100                        i,oOO                   Id  256 

Scotcli  Pine                                                        64,000                    60  960 

K^T'Vi/:3.;-   Ov^ruce                  4,780                       7d,'i80                    75  1,200 

White    Spruce  10,000  160,000 

r-iit^j   Fir                                GIO                         0,7u0                    10  160 

Balsam  ?ir  2,i00  '^:0,000 

Bald    Cvpreso                         320                         5,l-':0                    20  520 

R«''   Juniper                      1,310                     20,960                   40  640 

Eci:iLoc'k  6,6P6  100,000 

Incense   Cedar                 1,2G0                   20^160                      35  560 

Uv'ch  4,373  70.000 

LiiviGon's   Cypress          e,<!00                 102,400                     40  640 

Ai:^- -lean  ArborvitaeLO,  000  320,000 

BuLternut                                     1(    )                       16  4 

B1..CK   S'alnut                              2(-)                       30  8 


ss.. 


Name  cf  species 
Shsllba -'K  Mic Kor y 
GhestMUt 
BlacK  Locust 
Honey  Locust 
Hardy  Catalpa 
Osa^'s  Oi''an/:'e 
Green  A ah 
White  A ah 
Black  Ash 

Box    KldUi." 

Su^ar-  jV!ai;le 
Sca/'let  J.-aple 
Blac>c   Cherry 
Bassv/ood 

AiT!  3  r  i  c  a  n  Hi  3.  in 
Gli"ppory  Eli-a 
Birch 


Number  of 
seeds  In 
1   oi^nce 


1-310 
200 

1,230 
820 

1,020 
?40 
330 
95?0 
470 
liO 
279 
307 

5,820 


liuiTOsr   01 
ss3d  in 
1  pGniid 

SO 

98 

23,9o0 

3 ,  aoo 

19,680 

13,120 

16,380 

10,200 

0,100 

14,7;50 

7,498 

S,940 

4,4-34 

5,352 

93,120 

54,368 

431,856 


Approxi- 

.» aa  t  e    Ap  pr  ox  i  raa  t  e 

nu?-her  numlaer 

of  linear  of  linear 

feet  of  feet  of 

aecd  drili  seed  drill 

covered  by  covered  by 

1  our.cc  1  ounce 


14 

17 

GO 

960 

18 

256 

GO 

960 

30 

480 

85 

400 

25 

,400 

18 

288 

26 

416 

30 

320 

50 

800 

20 

320 

lo 

240 

125 

2,000 

30 

1,280 

730 

12,000 

Hoto.  (L)  Abbut  GO  pcrcsnn  of  the  bulic  of  the  Cypress 
seed  in  the  trade  consists  of  refuse  r/nelle  of  cones  to  a 
reat  dep;ree  . 


u 


S4: 


Table  showin'-''  t/'^e  r-anfc  of  tho  listed  market  price  per 
■ooi.md,,  for  !:<one  of  tVio   seed  of  trees. 


Mamo  of  species 
B 1  a c K  S p r u o  e  (Pic  e  a  Ru b e n  -r. ) 

ifhita   Spruce    (Picea   /Uoa) 

£:n>5;slman' s  Spruce  (Picea  Enrrelinc.nni) 
Blue  3prjc3  (Picea  Parryana)  .  .  . 
DoUj'^'las  Spruce  {PseudotoUf:;a  Dou£;lass 
Balsaj.^  Fir  (Abies  Balser:'.c;a)  .... 
lloble  Vic  (Abies  ?Jobili3)  ..... 
White-  Pine  (Plniie;  Btrobus)  .... 
SUi;;;^ar  Fine    (Plniis   Lan!b5?*tinna)       .    . 

F'er!i,locK 

JcioK   "Pine . 

LawsoTi' s   Cyprese    (CuproKsiu'-   Lav;scnicu 
Heel   C'^rlnv    (Jvnipe^'ijs  Vlrf'Inia:aa) 
Arb':^''vltae    (Thuya   Occlcl'^'ntalis)    .    . 
Giant   Arborvitas    (Thuya  fTi^-antaa)    . 
Inc':nse   Goclai'    (Libocedrii.^   BooLirreiis) 

LarC'i    (Larl:  ) 

P:y  Tree    (Wellin,f;ton:la)    ...... 

t?/hite   Oal-    (Quero-u?  Alba)       ...... 

Burr  Oa}<    (Q.   Macrocarpa)       

Fed  Oa.K    (Q,    Rubra)       

Sheilbark   HiGkory    (iiicorla   Glabra) 


Cost  of  the  seed 
per  pound 

s^3.75-.f4.00 
3.75-  4,00 
3.00-  8.00 
2.0C-  6.00 
S.r^O-  4.50 
1.25-  3.00 
3.00-  5.00 
1.60-  3.00 
2.00-  2.50 
5.50-  6.00 
7.00-12.00 
3.7o-  4.00 
.50-  .75 
2.00-  2.25 
3,00-  4.50 
5.00-  4.50 

12.00-  IG.OO 


4.00-  6.00 


.2o 


.20- 
.20- 


.20 


^3 


^i>^ 


Cos 


V>  m no   of   specie  s 

Beech   (Fe^x^e)    .    , 

Black   vi^'alnut,    (.Ju£:lunr.   Klrra)       ,    .    . 

Buttei'nv.t    (J.    Cir.criE. )       

White   A;^>i   (Fraxirus  AKSficana)       .    . 
Blue   Ash   (F.    Quaclrani;;;-L;lata)    .    .    .    . 

Black  Ash . 

Suffer  Kaplo    (Acrrr'    naccherlnuj''.)       .     . 

Hed  Maple  (Acer  P.r.brnrn) 

Box   Kldor    (Acer>   Kefn'rjdo)       

ISfhite   Birch    (Bstulti   Alha) 

Yellov;   Pirch    (B.    Lutea)    ...... 

Anioricar.   Eln   (Ulnva   Aj-^.fuv.Criria)       .    . 

Ooric   Fli:'    (U,    Racen^osa)       

Catalpa    (Oatalpa   SpGciosa)       .    .    .     , 
BlacK   Locust    (RobijTls,   pfteudacacia) 
Hone;;    LocuBt    (Gledi  tscnja)       .    .    .     . 
Sweet   Gun   (Lioi.idaRib&r  St.;'Tac1fli;a) 
Tiil ip  ''f.v(::b    (Llriocsnai'on )    .... 
Cuciaifi-ior  Tree    (MatTinolia)      .... 

Osa/TG   OraritTS    (Tozz/lon) 

Black  Cherry  (Pr-arais)  ....... 

Ailant;ius  (Ti'-e  oi  iieaven)   ,  .  . 
Holly  (lie::) . 


Sy camor e  ( Platanus ) 
Hackber-ry  (Coltls) 


;    of    •' 
pe3-   I 


'h'  ' 


;o.. 


.10- 


J-  >  vv  — 


.55- 
1.50 
l.'O' 
l.OC 
1.50- 
,5C' 
.50- 


.40- 


3.50- 

.40. 

l.CO- 

.25- 
.40- 
.25- 


1  .00- 
.50- 

.75- 


he   sefid 

ound 

4     .75 

.15 

.13 

.  tiO 

1.50 

2.00 

1.00 

1.75 

-  .50 

•  2.00 

-  2.00 

■  1.50 

-  2.75 

•  1.25 

■  .75 

■  .60 
•5.00 

.50 
1.50 

..30 

.60 

,50 
1.25 
1.25 
.75 
1.00 


Tablo    sho,Tlr\i-i   lor\fcth  of   year's  ,":rowth  l;s   seen    ii:    Conifers 
liihich  v/Grc   tsii    to   thii" ty-f ive   feel   hl^h    ;    jnsasureri.ents  were 
teJccr    at    the    er;d    of    ti'^e   iiionth  of   Octobai*. 


Arancaria    inibricata    .    . 
Abi?s   noi'driiai:.'iiana      .    . 
■jsdrus      ........ 

Cupressu3  macrooarpa 
OryptOiTisria    ...... 

Ji.miv-'3r-us   Ghliiansls    .    . 

Pinua   e:.cc3l9a 

Pinuo  Gambsrtiana    .    .    . 
Sequoia  6erapervij.''eas 

Thuyopsie    ....... 

v7ellln£^t on ic.  £ci,f:ants^l    . 


k         • 


»         • 


•         ■ 


Feet 

Inches 

2 

3 

2 

5 

.2 

10 

6 

0 

3 

0 

g 

6 

4 

3 

2 

10 

4 

8 

1 

J. 

4 

3 

,0 

6 

2 

3 

5 

9 

ACAiNTTKOPMAX: 

This  shru>^   is    r)ropa.fr&.ted  .most   easily  .from  seed. 
It    i8   also   jjropagated  }-)y   root   ci-ittings   and  "by  hardwood 
cut  tings.        The   root   cuttings   are  juade   similar  to   those   or 
Cydonia  .Taponio^^,    in   sect.i.on.T    t'vo    to   four     incJies   lon,;T>    aaid 
bu!"ied   in   flats  cont '-iinin'^  lae.diufn  coarse   s.-uid.        Hardwood 
euttinp:s  are    tala.  n  in   SepteHi^er    or   October,    r-illo^^d  to    oallus 
durinp  th^--    i»?inter   and  planted   in  a  ligtit    soil    in  thr.   folio iving 
spring, 

.ao}<;r  voLTimv^wm    (japAj^rst-i  maplfO 

These   trees  are  most   easily  in:rown   from  tiie   seed,    siraiLar 
to   the   raanner    in  v/hich  thf.   cororaon  iiB.ples   are  grown.        The 
finer  forms   are  o■b^, ained  v-rith  the   greatest  ease   and   certainty 
hv  biaddin;?:   and    Lnaroliinp:   upon   bht;    oornmon  va-rieties. 

Inarching   is    performed    in  the    si">r  ing   in  t}ie    iTic^ld,    and   in 
Septeiflber   and  October    af  f  er   tht;   tv^o   am  well   unitf.d  thf.   new 
plant    is    separated  fi'ora  the   old  and   as  the   stocks  are   generally 
grown   in  pots    ;    tliesc   arc   then  placed   in  a  rxlt    or   cold  house 
wheif:    they    are  stored  until  the    followinp;  s^^ring.        After    this 
tiioe  the   plant.s    :-^i~e   ready  f  o  )•  the.    nur'sery  rows  and  may   be 
treated   ;as   the  more    cojiunon  stock, 

ACEK      (KAPLE) 
These  trees   are  prop.agated  hy  sowing  the    seed  soon  after 
they  are  ripe,    in  an  open   seed  'bed  and   coverinp"  with   from 


66>l 


Ipf. 


one-half  to  three-foiirths  inches  of  fine  earth,  of  a  lif^ht , 
sand/  natur'f. ,  T}iere  exists  a  vi^'xation  in  t.}!e  time  of  ripen- 
inrZ  of  seeda  of  different  species.  Those  ripenin'^^?:  their  seed 
in  the  fall,  September  and  Octoter,  are  :  t}j-.  Sug-ar  Maple,  the 
Pannnyl  v^nia  Maple,  the  Moimtain  Maple  and  t-"e  SycajQOie  Maple; 
those  rlpenin^  t'eir  seed  in  May  and  Jiine  are  the  Silver  >iaple 
and   thn  Red  Maple, 

Seed  sown    In  the    fall  a}iould  he    covered  more   deeply  than 
those  soi??:a    in   the    spring,        T}ie  seedlings   of  fall    sown    seed 
will   appear   the   fcllowint':  sprinf^   and    if    ke  ct   i:T%?-    from  we^r.ds 
will    atain   a  height    of   t?/elve  to    eiphteeri    inc.lves   during  the 
first   eiuorcer .        In   the    follovinfj   sjirin,'"'  the    f';;r  eater   niiirihe'    of 
the    seedlings   may    be    rernoYea  and  traiisplanted    in  tl^e    m3i~.sery 
ro?;s,    in  whicji   place   they  arf-    to   resjaj.n   for   three    or   four 
years,   whf  n   the,;    will  hf.    lar^e   enough   to    plant    n.7-1-;   permaiient  ly. 

Maple    seed  are    not    so   easilv   preserved   as  riany  seed, 
hence   the    necessity   of   sowinp  as   Boon   as  possihlf,   after    tl'.ey 
are   rirjc. 

Maple   are  often  grafted,    althouf^h'    tj  is   ^irad  Ice    is   riuch 
more    corornon  v/ith    theJapanese      than  with   cowinon,   rrior  e    h.ard.y 
kindR , 

ACER  KPrrilhj^n      (BOT  inLiOER) 
These   trees  arc.  hest   propagated  fj'oiu  seeds    riovs^i    in  nursery 
seed  beds.        The   seed  are  lipe    in  early  ;iuturiin,   which   can 
usnally  he    ga.thjsred  M^ry  easily.        They   rnay  he    gatjiered  as 


/,: 


4 


soon   as  ripe    and  planted  in   the   sei>d  be  4,    or   if    preserved 
until  spr  inr?   t>i.ey   shoi^ldloe   stratified   in   sand  during  t}ie    win^ 
ter.        It    XA    often    tht.   case   t}Lat   one   finds   a  tree     apparently 
loaded   with   fruxt   araoni-^    i.\i:iioh   is    to    be   found  scarcely   a  vital 
seed. 

The    seed  should  Xm    sown  "best    in  rov/s   two    to    two    h>.ad-    one- 
half   feet    apart  and  ran/;>Lnp:  1/ ojti   one-   to   i'ive    inches    in   apace, 
tl'ii-ee-f ourths  to    one    incii   cieeii.        The  bea   if   well  cared  for 
and  thor  oughl;/'  cultivated  should   produce   seenil.Lnp;s  "Tfhich  will 
attain   a  heig}..t    of   ten   to   fourteen   inches    durinp:  the    first 
season.        The   younp;    ol-mt. s   require   no   shadin,":, 

A  C   T    I   N    I    71   I  A 

These    plants   are   reost   )  eadily   propagated  'by  means   of 
cuttinf3;s   either   of    the    joature  or   t>e    .--reen  wood,        T^ey  emit 
roots   easily  and  freely   \   "but  the   Tciuds  push   out   very   slowly 
and  often  fail,    leaving  the   ctittin;:  to  die   althoiogh  having  a 
large   nixiEher    of  root.-3.        The   cuttings   of  either   type   £\^    be 
placed  immediately     Ln  the    cutting  bed  or    if    in  no   hurry    for 
yonnf:   plants,   they  may   ^be   stired  d  :ring  the  winter    m  san.d  to 
callus  wit>i  the    other  hardwood  cuttiHr'^s, 

By  nurserymen    the   jAethod   of   layerin-^   is  quite  frequently 
pract  Lced, 


ro. 


AKSCULTJo      (HORSE   ODilS.WlJT) 
Tlaese   tJ'ees   are    propci^':atad  almost    ent.j.  rel;-  frora  seed. 
The   large   nuts  shoxild   \)e    gathered    In  the   fall  as  aoon  h,s  they 
drojj  ."r  oifi  thr.   ti-ees,   and   either   sown,   or  stratified   in   sand 
imtil    -h^.   f ollo^-'inp;   spring.        The.^v    should   tje    stoj-ed   in  a   cool, 
dry  cellar   for  "best   results,    until  ti't:.   spring,        Tho   nuts   are 
sown    In  t})e   sar^-te   nanner   as   all    thR    mrt.  s  of  this    class. 
Seedlings   one   year    old  may  l^e   removed  to    nursery  ro^iys. 

Varieties  of    the  var-ious   speciea    ar-e    plrtained  by  graft- 
ing,   usually  upon    \.   HyppocastanuHi,    the    .tuost   (B"OKimon  sijeoiea. 
The   jacthod  of    p;raft.inf7  is    generally  that   of   veneer    grafting 
and    irarjost    instannes,    for    the   hest  results,    is   performed  under 
glass, 

AILMTKUS      (TRFirt  0^  >;EAV'M) 
These   trees   are   propagated  from  seed;    gathered   in   tlie 
autuxan  and    preserved  i«itil  spj-Lng,   at  vmicli  time   the^    aj  e   sown 
in  nar^eri-    seed  "beds. 

It    is   often  rtf3ir.ai:»le  to    obtain  pistillate   specipiens    of 
this  tree   as  the   flowers   on  male    sx^eeimens   possess  a  decuiedly 
disagreeable   odor.        This   is    done   hy   prowinp:  fro-a  outtinp-a    of 
the   roots    ;   -*'hio}:   -method    is  similar    to    that  adopted  for 
Cydonia  Jaijonlca, 

A  K  E  h    I  A 
This    sjirub    is  readily  propagated  from  cuttings   of   the 


;/ 


green  •svood,    placed   in  Kcdiiun  coarse    sand  ixnder   ,^iaas. 

In   la,i"C'^    nurseries   it    is   gr'own  frort)  Icxyei- inir ,   either    the 
old  oy     th,p    young   shoots. 

AJ.J-ITIS      (ALDER) 

She    species   of   tltiis   are  readily  propagated  froi'i  seed, 
whlc}"i   are   gathered   in  the  fall,    and    pr&servcd   in  a  dry,    oool 
cellar   imtil   spring.        Se^dB  are  sown   on  the    rrarfaoe  of   the 
seed  'bed,    pressed  down   and  covered  ver;/  slightly  ,vxtl':  a   llf'jbt 
soil.        The  hed  s};ou.ld  he   kf.pt   moist    until  the    seedlings    begin 
to   gerxhinate. 

Varie-'i<»s  are   propagated  "by  gr^>,fting  iipon   the--   xaorf:    hardy 
anrl   conr.on  stocks,    ALnus   Gl'itinosa   in    of- en  used   ass  a   stock, 

MmiLA^TCKIRI;      ( JTL-im-.l^PRY) 

These   shrubs  and  trees  are   propagated  f.rora  seed  which 
ripen   in  early  aiornmer   an'    may  he   sown    in  the  fall   oi     preserved 
until  the   f ollowin,-;  spring. 

They  are    also    gro-'ivn  hy   grafting    in  tYs-.   early  spring  upon 
the   Mountain   Ash,    aad  t?ie   more  corrmon   strongf^r  growing  spf-cies 
of   thf    genus, 

AMORPHA      (iNJDIfiO    G}>TniT-^) 
Propaga,ted  from  seeds,    and  ^rr■ry   seldoja  by  the    other 
methods,    although  in  a 'f  ev/  casen  it    is    grov/n  frojn  grr-^en  wood 
cuttings  luider   glass,    arid  froju  hardv/ood  cuttings  taken   m  the 
fall. 


f^. 


AJ.CPJ'IL0P3I3      (VIRrjINlA  CRERERiO 
The  raost   c.oxainon  method  of    prop;-.igat;ic.n  j.b  that  of   seeds, 
3ov»'n  .Lvi  the   spring.        It   .Is   alao    quite  j  eadJ.l:/  g:  own  frojn 
cuttings   of  the   Mature  vjood  marie    belo-v  a  joint,    tiii<.en   xn 
A'agust,    Septftjiiiofir   or  Octo'ber.        The   luethod  of   lay-t,rinp;  is   fre- 
quently'  practiced,    ''oy-  slirhrtajry'buryin,':';  thf^    ntem  in   a  nmobe-ir   of 
places    ;   jooto  are   emitted   at    the    joints   quxte   freely« 

A  R  A  L   I   A 
Aralia    iE3  most   easily  propagated  fro-ru  seeds    ;    these   shoiild 
■fae   S0'\'i-i    in  e=irly   sprinp:  upon  a  li^^ht    soil   geuerallv    in  seed 
"beds.        Th6    seedlings    should   not    be    distirliued  during:    the 
firs^   season.        They  are    also   prcxj.^frated  by  root    cuttings, 

AraaTOLOG^iA 

These   plants   are   propagated  froja  cuttings   of   the    green 
wodi  ,   grn\7n  linder    glass,    Y/ibh  bostoiu  hcoat.        They  maj/    ri-lso    be 
propagated  fro^n   seeds,    if   fresh,    ana    30iheti.'it-t>  i'roii:  lasers    } 
the   last  nethods  arft.   nearly   as   satisi  actoi,;    as   the    fiist, 

A  R  0  ]'.;    I   A 
This    is  propagatta  mostly   frorn  s(-ed    ;   howftvf.r   it    is    ol  ten 
also    grown  fro/a  cuttingsoof    tht-;    green  wood   .-and  i'rom  giafts, 

AUG    t;  B   A 
All  the    species  of    r^his    ■■Bnus  may  be   readily  propagated 
from  cuttings    of  the    greeii  wood  or   f  r  orfj  seeds.        The  "berry  like 


71 


fruits  raiaely  germinatf;   until  t,]- e   aeoond  yeai-   aitei-   sow.lng, 
Some  tiroes  ffv  plants   make    t>.eij'    ax)j[jGarance  d.u  in,";  tlir, first 
year,    an!!    th^.   >>errtes   cont  i.nur;   to    ,'n-:ririinate   for    -^.Yr^^.   years   if 
left   .alone. 

T}j.eBe    plants   ar^-   dioeclou.3,    h.e-ncp    i;i  man,'    instaiiceb   seed 
are   not    rr'odiice'l  a,t    -:}11   and   the-    raetl:od  of    growing   ir  oiu  outt*- 
in,«;s    or   prafts   rm;Ht    be   uBed« 

A  Z    A  T,  E   A 

This   genua    i3    pr  opr-xgated  mostly  from   ciitting^a    of    thf; 
rnaturf-  'irood,   made   during-  the    late    siufaaer,    in  ScpteiaTDer , 

Wh.r;.n   rftpro-^^cf-d  fi'om  seed,    the,,    slicr^ld   i.t.    sovm  as    soon   as 
rii^e,    a.:5   early   in  thr>   follcYfinp'   ^r>r xnz   and  covered  l-u!.  very 
Blifrhtly.        The   seeds,    beoausd   of   tht;ir    tendej-ness   should  be 
so^^'H  in    a  fraifie    j    the   sas}-  'beirif-  removeil   after   tJ-.e    se^^.ds  hii-ve 
gerrninat'^-;d. 

Grafting?   is  uaed   on  na;nf;d  varieties   ;    the    stoo]<3  used 
heln.o'  thosf.   of    A.    Iniiea  or  A.   Ponitca. 

This    R-finuB    is   propd.gated  hest    frora  seeds  wJiioh  ma.y  "be 
gathered    in   th.e    fall   and    stratified  until   early  spring. 

EJTBriR:  i^      ( E  APBRPBY ) 
These   plants   are  raoBt    eaBily  propagated  froia  seeds   sewn 
soon  after    th'r.    fruit  F.atureh    ;    or   thf.;    seed  may   De   stratified 


^< 


74-. 


and.   sown  in   thr    apj  lag. 

The  evergreen  spocies  im>j  be  grovm  fi-oja  cuttings,  t'lken 
in  Sei^teia'ber   and    jjliaoed  in  srincl,    under    glass. 

Many  of   tlif.    ac.cidv.ous  apcv-iins   can  T)e   reproduced  i'roia 
cuttings    of    th:"   jpiature  or    fyeen  v.'ood.        Barer   &orts   exre   o/tcn 
grafted  upon  thfi   coiamon  atocks, 

Laynrinp;   the    conir.cn    species    is   also    practxcea    ;    the    best 
tiLif:   for    t)  is  -/vork  "being   in  autar&n  v-jhen   th.f-    leaves   bf.gin   to 
fp.ll,   r.sin?'-  yoixng   a^ioots  of    tht;  civr/em:    yoar*;-!    ■fyo\vl\\.        These 
will  he    rooted  hy   t}\f.    follO''-7in.p;  a\itmiin   .■■■irid   ma;    t3'ien   t)(.   rciiioved 
froju  thK    mo-:-,he»-    stool, 

BETUT./V      (BIRCH) 

The  hiroli  is  most  readily  propagated  f j-o/r,  seeds  BOY^rn  as 
soon  as  r.'.pe,  oj:'  in  the  early  sp/' big  ;  se^ds  ])einp;  i^reserved 
in  bags    in   a  cool,    f}vj  'i\\iKc,<^. » 

The  pnrxile,  ou.t  leaved,  v;eepinfr,  and  other  forris  of  the 
■bircli  are    readily   prod'aced  by  grafting  upon  tJ-e   X'f^e.   speciee. 

BIflWOraA      (TtfUMK-^T   VI ^E) 
These   plants   are    increased,  frora  seea^    or    layering;:    ;    the 
forHier   he. In,":   preferai'ile ,        Bignonia  Radio ■■•ms   is   eaaLL;'-  iirojva- 
gated  from  root    cnt wings, 

CALLIO/u'-tPA 
These  plan-ua   tu-e  propagated  froia  seeds,  luost   easily. 


f^'- 


They  ma/  ;^so  136  gi  own  I'rom  greei.  wood  cuttiaga  in  tl.t, 
suitime]"  undej'  jiilass  a^nx  also  i'l  Oju  hardvwod  cuttinf-^s  taken  In 
the   falX, 

G  4LYC  MTl^  1IP>      (  S^aOiIF.  T    r>KP.U]^ ) 
Prop;;if;atGd  from  se-ods   sown   in   th(.    spring,    in  a  fraiiif;  oi^ 
lYorn  layers  ivluol^,    should  be    put    dov'/n    in  the    sionm^-^r .        It    iw 
alao    groivn  well  xroin  roo^    cuttings. 

CAhAGAWA      (SIBEHIAri   PEA  TEEE) 

Prop  3JT ate d  most   easi.  Ly   froiu  se^.dB,    sown  whe;i  ripe    In'tl.e 
fall,    or   pj'f  served  vintil  spring, 

11;    is    >il30    grci.«ri  by  means    of    ;p:'af ting    upon  the    seedling 
stocks    of   n.    Ar'horescens . 

CARPI  NTJ3      (KOKWBEAK) 

These   trees  are   propagated  i'rcir;  sepias,    f®. tiert^d   in   tht, 
fall   3, ad   pitj';6r    sowrx  thr-.n   or    in  the,    sprinp^        Thf^se:   gf.nnin;j.te 
very    irregularly, 

VcU'iRties   Jiri--.  propagatf-:d  hy  lueajis    of  grafting    ;   the,    stocks 
used  heinf>:    those,   of    Carpinus  Betulus   and  tli?    .Araericu'i    spf.  cios. 

OASTAOTJA.      (Ol^BTNTir) 
Chestnut    is    prop'-xg^.ted  piost    easily  froin  seed,        Buts  ai^e 
borne    q-i.ite  j'reely,    at    least   ever;>'  otr.er   year    ;   thus    it    is   an 
easy  rajitter   to    otjtain  need,        Xhese   should  Ijc  gathered  when 


7i 


ripe    iJi  the    Call,    afi';f;r    i' rests,    e-tnd   str'at  ciit-. d   in  raoi.st   saiid 
th:-ou;^v   ■\-M>'.  vji.n'-.Br,        Thay  Hhould    no-i'.    i;e   alloved   t..    dry   ovit   or 
■becoiiie  raouliiy    in  tJie   sand.        IT  placed   in   single  Is-ye^rs    between 
alternate  l-iy-'jrs  of   moia^  saiid,    ,la  a  larf;e  "box,    owl-    or    doors 
ijji  a,  a3ii-;lt'-.VBd  plaof;  Iho    seed  will  wintej-   safely,        T3'it^.    nu".', s 
arp.    pli^mted   one    to    tv/o    inches  deep,    ojid    during  rhe    iirst   yeaa- 
they  v/ill  attain  a  h(-if<;ht    of  ten  to    fii'teen   inches. 

Those  trees  are   often  grafttd  usinp;  the    comirjon   spccie^^  as 
a  stock, 

CAT    A  L   V   A 

These   trees   are  propagated  froLi  SF.eda,   -.vhicV-   may  "be    sown 
in  thp.    fall  wJi.e-i  ripe   oi-   stratified.        Afber    one   year   the    seed- 
lings mav  'be    transplanted. 

The.;''  ma^^-  alpo   "be    increaseri   'by  means   of  graftinp'    ;    the 
stock  izBsd  hein=^   that  of   (1.    F?pe.cio£ia, 

G   E    /^  il  0   T   F    U   B 
Grown  froK  seeds,    stratified  during;   the    winter    ;   layering 
is   alBo   a  verj-  eas,'  method   of   ohta  inin-n-   ne"'  plants. 

I 

I 

C    p;  L    A  S    T   R   T7  S  < 

This    '-tenus    is   readily  props^atcd  fro  in  seeds,    v^hicl'    should 
he    stratified   in  moist   sand   -ivirinp;  t}i.e   ^i-'inter.        It   may  also 
he    increased  ver.v   easxl--  irora  cuttings    of  eitl'tr  the    green  or 
mature  v/ood. 


n 


CM.T  I B      ( H  AQKT^KP  FY ) 

These   trees  "bear    ser. d  fMi.lt e   freely   ?md.   may  T>e    propaga.ted 
"bjr  this   nieans.        The   fruit    is   a  diupe  about    t}",e    nize   of    a  pea, 
ThK   tlin,    fleshy  ccnrerinp  aroi;.n'l  thr.   stcne  dries   dov/n  6-rid   used 
no-f-    "bf^.    rewoved   before   plavitinp;.        Theae    ner.d    ■  ipen   in   t}  e    fall 
and  na;'-  "be    aowt   at   oncf;.        RofBc^ver,    if    sprinr^  ROijn.np    is   pre- 
ferred,   the    seed    s}ioi;ld  1)e    stratified  in   sa.nd    -luriiip-   Ihf    win- 
ter,   oi..it    of    docj^a    in  a  ah^lteieri   place.        The  box  ^»rhe,ti   filled 
wi-i-.T'   seed  reay  he    eovered  '■■■itl"  h  y/ii"e   screen  tc    keep  out   the 
rrilce  ,   and    ^filFio  mixlcl'-ed  to    pi-iiven"''.    sndden   chanp:es    in   t^Jinpera- 
ttire  ^ 

Reed  shoii.ld   he   scyn    in  .irillF-    in    ct.O'.',    rich    soil   a^id 
covered  abov.t    an    inch  deep.        If   there   is   danp;er    of    the    seed 
dry  in  ^  out   hefoj'e   gerrii.lnat  ion   ■•aJces   place   i-.j-ieii   tliey   should  he 
covernd  f.ro-id   onr.    to    +hrep    inches   deeper   until  this   tiiue,    V'fhen 
the  surplus   cover  in-:   of   soil   nr.y   he    r  iked   off.        Sef:dlings   raqy 
stand    in   tJif     .inrsery    two   yrarB   before   transplanting, 

CEPKALAWTKUS 
Propagated  njost   readily  frora  set  ds ,   also  fi-o:fi  C',±  tings   of 
the    mature  wood. 

CEPCIT)IPFYTJ,TTM 

The   easiest   method  of    propa-atin-^  these  trees   is   f.r^v\ 
seede,    when  thev  arc   to   he    ohtalned, 

Propaf;!;atinF  frorc  cuttings    of   t, }!•.-;   preen  wood   and   by  layer- 
ing is    of' en  practiced,        Cuttinsfa   of   the    greenwood   are  said 


to   do    best    if   sli-p^^tl y  V'ril+ r.d   before    placinp    in  the   oand, 

CFpniR       (PKn-P:TJD) 
These   trees   are   prop-ip-a^-.ed  inost  easi.ly  frooi   seed,    vrhich 
may  bR   strat  if  i'^':!   'iiirin=^  the   vfinter.        Plants    raised   froit; 
seeds    .crive    the   best    resn. l*-s.         If    TOt    BtratifJ. ed  the    se-d 
shoiild  he    tept    in  a   cool   cellar,        Layerag'e    i^iid   t^i'af tin,-'-   are 
also   practiced  with   these    trees. 

nhlOh^NTHTJS       (FRINCIE  TREE) 
Propagated  fr ojd  seeds  which  roiay    he    sown    in    t-,he    aixtimn  as 
soon  as   ripe    ;    they  jnay    also  he    started   in  a  frajrie.        Varieties 
are   increased  hv    f^raftin,'?  upon  the   coji-aaon  ash, 

CLAi](RASTEIS      (YKLLOW  WOD) 
Propaicrated  froir;  seeds  which  way  he   sown   in  the   fall  or 
sprinp:.        Growinj;:  hy  means    of   hardwood   ciittlnpis   is   sometimes 
nr  aci"  iced, 

OLE   :v:    \   r    I  ^ 
T?nio   iri.ne    is  lao^rt   easil\'-  propagated  from  seeds    ;    which. 
may  he    gathered  as    soon  as   ripe-,    in  the    autumn    ;    and  sti'ati- 
fied  \vithe   f nllo-vinf':  ai.)rLng.        Al^    the  varieties   of   tliis   pla,nt 
may  Tse    increased  i  i  ou  cui. tlug 3   of  the    fyee/L  'yooi.}    imder    frlass, 
R  ot    g}-aftintr   is    laTictieevt  occas  inn  filly. 


? 


COLUTEA      (BLAOjX<r(    SEifiJA) 
Propagated   I'roia  seeda  ,    sown   in  tl.e    spring  and  froru  hard- 
v/ocii   o'littiiigH    taken    in  tlu-.    fall, 

coRims     (looawooio) 

Thftse   5JB"uba    ewe   eaailv    p;ooagated  froia  cuttings    of    the 
iriatuj-c  wood.    t.  aken    in  t}-e   I'a.ii.        This   is   t  ho  ineti'iod  laost 
generally   adopted.         With  thfj    fin^j-    v;-^ri6ties    and  rarer    sorts 
th(.    .method    of    fi-raft  in^^   is  adopted    ;    the.   mor-e    coxni-ion    speci6-;s 
being  usp;d  as  stocks.        Such    opecies   as   Cornus  .iTlojioa  are 
e'-iKil^i-  increased  fjora  set.d, 

CORYLUS      (j-{A;^Hn4I;T) 
Prop>5gated  from  seeds    gown  in   the    fall  or   stratified 
until  sTjrlng,        Also    increased   hy  mesiis    of   j-cct    crafting  and 
layering.        Tho   var-ieties    are  laainiy  g  rovca  irom  laye  >-s   ^jut 
down    in  the   fall    ;    .:^iid  mn^j  he    separated   froju  the    parent    plant 
thr.    .ne.xt  fall, 

CRATAEmiS  (HAWTHfUO 
Propagated  mos-'-  eas  .ly  from  se',d.-3.  The  It&sns  should  he 
gathered  when  ripe  a'/i  t};c,  pulp  allovfcd  to  rot  off  by  lay.mg 
in  a  heap  out  of  dnor^.  The  j-jeeds  sreiaain  dorifj;:Uit  ,tuHually 
f  or  a  period  of  fr Qfci  one  to  t^vo  yeai-B  ;  }if-nce  cif  ter  removing 
the  pulp  the  seeds  can  hest  he  Htratified  for  a  year.  Seeds, 
when   Jiown  ,    B}>ould  he    covej  ed  to    a   depth  ol    tv/o   inolies   and   the 


7i 


fo. 


"bed  ma,v'    be   kept,  vyell  jiinlched  dr.rin'r  the    first   surQiner    after 
sowing,     in   order   ta    prevent    dry  in  j   out.        Keodlings  may  "be 
transplanted    to   t'e   nu}"sery  rovfs  w-jit:  n  one   year    old.        Varie- 
ties  are   grafted  \ipon   or    "buddfid  Uj.>on  tl'p.    corfiaio.-i  stocks. 

CY.00j\lIA      {JAF^^    QUI]\fCFj) 

This    shrub    is   /-sadily  propagated  froin  cut':ing3   oi'    the 
roots,   aade    in  lengths   of   from  tv/o    to    three    inches.        This 
method   is   of   comparati  yel.y  recent    origin  and    is    -iliuo;st    the 
only  wf.thod   no*-  adoptfid  for    iacreasin,^;  this   tihi-'.i):,        Cutt.ings 
of   thF.   root  a    are  madf;    and  placed    in  the   sand    to    a  dKj;'th   of    two 
Or    three    inches.        This    S'lnd   is  kept    yno.L^Ht    rxivv  witlrin   a  x^erxod 
of  eight    to   ten  werks    these  v-fill  he  \j-ell   i-ooted, 

Oydonia    Is   alsi.    grov/ii   to    f;oia(%  extf.nt    froin  seeds. 

D  1   IJ  T    Z    I   A 
Propagated  vej  >    easily  from  cuttinf;^,    citltPr   of   thi.    gi'ten 
or  wature  wcvod.        Mature    '/vood  cuttings  iiiay  he   taken   in    the 
fall    ;    greenwood    GUttinp:s  arir;   laker   in  the    siuaiatr    and    31:- own   in 
a  house, 

Ti  I  ■REV  I T  J,  A      ( V/F;  I  fr  hX  I A ) 
Propagated  from  outtin^riJ   of    thf-,   mat'Xr-e  ?,'Ood,  t  .^keri   in  the 
fall,        Oi.jttinfs   of    the    prfiKn  woo'.l    are   grovm   under    flass, 

T>  I   F?   C    A 
These   plant--   are  propaj^ated  a 'most  exclusively  from  seeds. 


n 


ProTjagated  from  S£f;dB,    sown    In   the    spring,        AIbo    increas- 
e^^    frorj   cr.ttinfrs   of   the   ruatixre   and   .--ree;  "i  Y/ood.        Many  of    the 
seeds   a>"e   o:i"ten  ste/'lle   and  in  Eiich   cases  the/  ma^v,    be-,   sown 
more   thickly  tha^;    ordlnar  i.ly, 

P:   P  }T  li'   :0  F    A 
propapa'- f:^d   fro?!'i  sKfids   ari'l   al^C'   fr  ovi  root,    onttinprs. 

T<lTTONVi.TrTS       (BTJKXIX^-  J-jTIBH) 
•nrop'i.p--it'-d  fr'Oi'-i   seeds,     «}iich  arc   generally  •■-. tratif ir-d   and 
so\;fn    in   the    sprins;.         If,    if;    also    groi'Ti   xrcrii  c\)ttings»        YjYC-.T'" 
grefin  specips   gr-ow   readily  froro  cuttings   of    [t:i'een  wood,    pldced 
under   ff;lass.        Varieties   arc   sn.iietijaes    .^afted  npon  tlie-. 
s  t  r  o !  1  {:'■  e  r   an  d  bio  r  >'.    c  o  mao  n  s  p  c  c  ie  s  . 

p]    K  0   C    }i   0  E     J  A 
Propajrated  froK;  seedK,  wlunh   r^-f-,   prodnced  only  upon   old 
plants.        Until  recently  thi;^  plfint  was  considered    difficult 
to  propaf-rate.        It    ic&y   also  lie    inci-eased  fron  cu-i.tin>;:s.. ,    v,'h.ioh 
root    slowlj',    and  "by   la:'"f rinf';. 

P^^-iTS      (BK?;nK) 
Bfteoh   trees   pro'^-oe   an   abundant   crop   of  nut.s   evt/y    two   or 
thrpr   ye?o-a    -    thefir    nuts    ripe?!   in  the    /.-ill    and   ■cop   acnn  ai"->£r 
th(^   firis+   aever-r-    frost.         If    pUO'./ci   to    dry  out,   they    oeoorae 


f 


n. 


rancid   and   lose    all   vitality.        To    pr;;par?-   the.ro  fAvs    plaritiiifT 
the,-    'nay  "best   'be    s  trat  J.  .f  ied   diirinr;   the    ".fin.  er,        Bcfor*^    tl.e 
nnts   are  s  <:r'at.  if  ie"^.    t3''p..'  may  lip.   fnmif^at';d  vith  rarinon  I'isxil- 
phidf-;   to   kill   t?ie  worms  \frhiO'    oft.  f.;i    iaffist    tht-in.         In   the 
sprin"  as  soon  aK    thr   j*or.si-.    is   out    of  t}  c     rTounir   thfi   seed 
shoulil  'he,    planted   in  the   sefd   !)ftd,    fr orr.  which  tt.e    seedlings 
may  -pf;    i-.  ^ansplanf- ':d  v/3if;-n   onr-:   yeaj-   old.        The    ni-itH   should   uo 
sown  ahout  tvvo    Inches    apfi.rt    in  j-07/>3   and   v;!!!  ap-f  out    in  a  V';;ry 
shoi  t    time , 

The    named  Vc:ij'ieties   twe   ,!?rafteid  apon  the  European   or 
Aiiaer  lean   Spf.  ci63.        With    ths   pufplft  heGch  see-ilings,    one    hb^j 
see   differ^.nt    sh-dea   0:^    pirrple   aaaong  tl;f.    sei.-.dlii:iy;"j. 

These  trees   arc   pj-opagatfid  iron  crat  i,  in-;s   of   t.he   iaatiJi's 
wood.        These  cuttinf^a   are    oi't^n   placed   in  v/an-'i  watei'    i'oi     a 
short    time,    af'-fr  which  t}v-;y  are   pl-ic^-d    i.n   the    cuttinp;    bench, 
An.other  method    in    that    of   cutting   '-'^   plf.  n^.    oi"  hark   froju  the.    tip 
of    a  'branchlet    and   th^ni  tyin''';  sphagnuj-'i   ove  v  the    vyound,    aD.w.v'S 
keep  in'-  i-'-    moist   -an^ril    ^'''e    roots   ajt'e   €irjitt*=5d    ;   the    bj-.-^ichlet 
may  then   1)6    cut    froir:  ^-y-^    p;iron-':    -Uidj    >-f:i',ov  m;^  tlic:    moss,    he 
potted   in  a   lio;ht    Boil, 

^'ONTA,v:rsiA 
Pr opat;-ated  fron^  cuttings   of    the   green  v;ood.    grou-n  under 
glass  with    bottoji-   he  it ,        Also    increased   h^  aieaius   of   oattintTS 


?i 


i 


n. 


frora  thp   vaat.ure  ■•rood,    and   l\y    frraftinf-  \ipon  X;riv6t    .^t.ook. 

"F'OR'RSTICPA 
Proijapatf^'i  fro.u  ser^ds   and  hy    layeriniHC, 

PORSTrii.I/l      (aOL.TOi.y   B35LL) 
Propap-atRd    ^Ijriost    exclusi^T. ly   froi''.  cut.t.lnf"a  of    thft    grcea 
woO'i  ,    v,TLth  ■bnt^'Cj.a  heat    ;    also    increasei.  iro.n..  hardwooa  cut+ings, 
Th-,   >;    -anches   of   'P.    Suspense  soiaetiiftos   rooi.    at  tl-.f.    tips,   v/liei-e 
thev-  co?w-:    in   cr.nt;?.ot  v;it]"'   fHe     "lonnd. 

"^■'RATUm'^      (ASH) 

'fhfis^    two    are  iTiOst   oast  ly  rep'"oducf.d    fr-om  aefd,    -vhi  n'    are 
prodncpd    ai)-:in.  -^ntly    abo-.i.t    once    in  thre^.   to  fi-s-e   ycaj-s.        The 
fr'iit   ripens    ia  Octolier    and  ima,^-  \)C.    so'wn  a;3  scon   a?    gatJiered  or 
preS'-^rved  for    3pr tn;^   planting   l-^y   stratify j.rifr    in  raoi^'.t   sand, 
n.-irp;    Hhould   be   e^'f.roiaed   in   ketioinf-r  3v«  •  ds    ovf/r,    Ijeoauss   the 
vitalit;'   of   the   sf,  r.ds   oaj-iaot,   v,r  Lth   certainty  ht^    -pr^-^served  for 
mor^:    tha-i   '■^i.'^'ht,   mo   t)'iR. 

Broadcr^rb    so-ivin''  of   ash   see -i   .,_rion   prf^ pared  aBi^d   '.)€.' ds   is 
hp.st,        fli.o.-'.c    the,    peroej! '  .Hf!;?.    of    f|&rrriinat-Lo  i    is  vi-.ry   low,    they 
sho  il !(  'oe    ;•3o^^/n    q)\i-^. e   thickly   and   covej-fjd  iU-.owt    on? -ha].:;,    of    an 
inch.        Th.fv   sef  dlin,--;3  inay  Ids   tr  an,?nlantf:  d  wliert   one  j^-mx    old, 

N'-jjftp.  d  var  i..'^.tiKa   aro   h.jdded  \x'^on  socdllng'  ntocki    if  the 
soj-ts   art"-;    apri-TT^    ^^owRrs,    a-id   top  ,n;raftfcd  if    tVr;'    ar^    of    the 
-^■eRpiny  typ^.        The-,    stooks    nBftd  arf.   t'r.1^1  Eiu-opeazi  and  Aineiicsin 
s-r^oies. 


P4-. 


CrVJaKO    {Mkim.N  HAIR  TREE) 
Propagated  from  seeds,   which  shMUld  be   stratified  during 
the   winter    and   sown  the  following  spring.        The   fruit    is 
fleshy,    and   this  may  best  be   cleaned  from  the   seeds  before 
they  are   sown*        This  tree   is   also    trrown  from  cuttings    and  by 
grafting   upon  the   common  stocks, 

aLEDITBCHIA    (HONIilY   LOCUvST) 

The  Honey  Locust  produces   seed  ab^indantly  and  is  rery 
easily  propagated.        The    pods  ripen   in   the    fall,    and  after 
be  coining  brittle   and   dry,    the   seed  may  be  th-reshed  out  without 
difficulty.        Seeds   should  be  kept    in  dry,    cool  storage  over 
winter,   and   swelling  thera   in  hot  water   just   previous  to    the 
time   of  sowing   is   a  good   practice.        Seeds  which  have  become 
very  dry  may  require    a  soaking  for    two   or   three  days.        They 
should  then  be    sown   in    fight    soil,    and   covered  from  one  to   two 
inches  deep.        Seedlings   should  be  transplanted  in   one  year    \ 
but    in  case  the    season  is  very  unfavorable    for    growth  thejr  may 
be   left    in  the    seed  bed  a  second  year. 

Varieties  are  propagated  by  grafting  upon  seedling  stocks 
of  the    type   plants, 

GYMN0CLA3XIS      (COPPEE  TREE) 
Propagated  from  seeds  which  are   of   a  very  hard  bony 
natiire ,        These  do   best   if   soaked   in  w^ria  water  for    a  few  hours 
before   sowing,    or   the.    covering  nay   be    filed,    to   hasten  germi- 
nation. 


U- 


HAJaAJViELIS      (WITCK-HAZEL) 
Propagated  from  seeds    sown    in  the    spriniC^    ;    varieties  may 
■fee   grafted  upon  oojnrrion  American    si^ecies, 

HEDERA     (IW) 
Propagated  froir   ciittinp:s  of   the    gi'een  wood,    grown  imder 
glass    ;   also   grown  from  mature  wood  cuttings.        Named  varieties 
are   often  grafted  upon  seedlinn;s    O)'   cuttings   of   the    common 
ivy  H.   Helix, 

HIBISCUS      (AI.THRA) 
Propagated  from  cuttings   and  seeds.        The    single    forms  by 
the  second  method  and  the    double   forms  "by  the   first,        Ciitt- 
Ings   are  made   of  matui'e  wood,    taken  with    a  slif^ht    heel.      Seeds 
shoiild  be   sown   in  thf.    spring  xipon  a,  well  prepared  seed  bed, 

HICORIA      (KIGKORY) 
Propagated  from  seeds  which  may  be   gathered  as  soon  as 
ripe,    in  the  fall.        These  should  be    stratified  until   spring 
and  sovm  to   a  depth  of  two  to   three   inches.        Hicoria  is    often 
increased  by  grafting  under   glass   ixpon  common  stocks.        The 
methods  adopted  are  -^^n^&r  or   cleft   grafting, 

HIPPO PHAE      (STIA  BTTCFTFOR:n) 
Propagated  from  seeds   sown  in  the    spring,   and  stratified 
during  the   v/inter.        Also    increased  frora  cuttings    of   the   mature 
wood  and   of  the   roots. 


H  Y  D  B    k  }i   Cr  'E  A 
Propagated  from  cuttings   of   the    green  wood,    g^own  ^^d,th 
"bottom  heat    and  also    equally  well  froro  cuttings   of  the   matiire 
wood    taken   in  the   fall,        Corrnnercial  propaf^ators  grow  these 
plants  TDy  layering   in  the    summer  and  cutting  awa.y    x'rom  the 
parent    plant    thp    following  spring, 

H  Y  P  E   R   I   G   IT  M 
Propagated  from  seeds  sown   in  the.    sprtag,    and   also  from 
cuttings    of   the    ftreen  wood, 

ILSX      (HOLLY) 

Propagated  froin  seeds  which  should  he   stratified   during 
the  winter,    and   sown    in  the    spring.        The    fleshy  see. d  coat   is 
often  •-einoved  "by  ruhhing   in  inolat   sand,    and  washing.        Seeds 
generally  require   two  years   for   germination.        Varieties    are 
increased  hy  veneer   grafting  upon  the    coimnon  stock, 

JTJGLANS      (WALjMTJT) 
Propagated  the  saii.e    as   the  Hickory   (see  Hicoria) 

K   A  L  M   I   A 
Propagated  from  seeds  vrhich  should  "be    sown    in  shallow 
pans,   for  "best  rfsultg  and  reared  binder   glass   until  the    seed- 
lings   are   large  enough  to  he   transplanted  out    of   dciors. 
Varieties   are   grafted  upon  thr.   more  h^rd;/-  stocks. 


K  E  R  R    I   A 
Propagated  from  seeds  and  cii.ttings   of  the    green  wood   ; 
also   to    sorae  extent  frora  root   cuttings.        It  may  be    increased 
from  cuttings   of   the   mature  wood    ;    but   green  v^ood   is  prefer- 
a"ble, 

KOELRENTERIA      (VivRNIS}!   TREE) 
Propagated  from  seeds  which   a.re  i)roduced  freely,    and 
ripen  early.        These  way  "be    sown    in  the   fall  or    spring.        Also 
increased  "by  cuttings   and   soioetxraes  fj"ora  layers.        The    last 
najiied  methods  are  rarely  used, 

LABIIRMTJM      (GOL_OE_i   CIL/uN) 
Propagated  from  gesds,    which  are   sown    in  the   spring, 
Brafting  is  adopted  for   producing  the  varieties. 

LlPACrKE    lA 
propagated  from  seeds  and  also   from  cuttings  of   the   green 
wood   t6iken   in  si^roiner, 

LI  miSTRTTM      ( PRIVET ) 
Propagated  a.'laost  equally  well  from  cuttings   or    seeds. 
Seeds  may  "be   sovm   in  the   spring.        The   general  practice   is  to 
grow  frora  cuttings   of  th^    mature  wood   taken  in  the   fall, 

LIQITIDA|,iBAR      (SWKST    GTJM) 
Propagated  from  seeds  which  may  i)e  stratified  during  the 
winter  and   sown    in  the    following   spring.        Many  of  the   sef;ds 
do  not    germinate  until   the    second  year. 


LIEI03EifOROM      (TTJLIP  TREE) 

Th.ls  tree   ie   propagated  from  seeds,   whidi  mature   in  the 
fall  and  raaj'-  tie   sown  as   soon  as?   gathered  or    stratified  for 
spring  planting.        Stratifying   in  the   fall   is  advisable,   since 
the   seeds  will  then  gerciinate  the    following  spring.        Soir^e-times 
when   sown   in  ths    sprin-'-  they  are   ver^r  apt  not    to    corae  up  until 
the   following   spring.        The    seed  should  "be    so^n  thickly  in  a 
"bed  of  light    ric>i   sandy   soil,    and   covered  to    a  depth  of  one- 
half   of  an   inch.        Seedlings  ma^'    remain    i.n  the    saed  "bed  from 
one  to  two   yearb    jhut    not    longer   because   of  the    great   develop- 
ment   of    tk   tap  root, 

Named  varieties  are  grafted  upon  seedlings.  The  seeds 
of  this  tree  possess  an  extremely  lo-sv  pp.rcentage  of  germina- 
tion. 

LONICRRA      ( H01<fEYSTinKr.E ) 
Propagated  frojo  nuttings   of   the  iuature   or    of   the    gi'een 
wood,  rarely  from  seed.        Seeds  when  used  should  lie    cleaned   of 
their   pulp  by  inacer&ttng,        L,    spinosa  is   soraetiraes   grafted 
upon  the   sterna   of  L.    tartari&a,    thus  forming  a  SEiall  weeping 
shru"b . 

LYCIUM      (MATRIMONY  VINE) 
Propagated  from  seeds  and  froio  cuttings   of   the  mature 
Wood,        Seeds   should  be    sown   in  the   spring. 


M   A  a  W  0    L   I    A 
Propagated  Yery  readily  from  seeds,  wlUcli  should  "be   so-vm 
in  the  spring.        When   the    coverinp:  of   the.    seed   is   pulpy  this 
should  tie    cleaned  off  before    sowinp;.        Varieties   aivd  weaker 
species  are    grafted  upon   the  hardier    stooJis   such   as  M.    acumi- 
nata.       Cuttings   are  "but    yr.ry  seldoju  used, 

MENISPEK?;in'K      (M)'';]f  SEED) 
Propa.gat*-:d   from  seeds    sown   in  thfi    spring,    and    ajso  from 
root   cuttings. 

MOBTfS      (l^JLBlRRy) 

These  trees  "bear  fruit  a'bujidantl.y   ;   the    seed  may  he    sepa- 
rated toy  macertaing,    and   washing    the   seed.        After   dt-ying  the 
seed  shotild  he    kept    in   a  cool,    dry   plac    ixnt  11    a  week  or   ten 
days  "before   the   time   of   so7n.ng.        In  some,   cases  the    seeds   may 
be   so^n  as   soon   as    >-ipened    ;   "but    the   he  tier  practice    is  to 
wait  until   the   following  spring  so   that   the   seedlings  will 
have   an   entire  season  during  which   to    forow  hefore   the   corning 
of  cold  weather.        The   seed  should  he   sown   ahout    one-hfilf  of 
an    inch  deep,    and  will  gerjalnate   in  ten  to    f.-f!.f;fn  days.    Seed- 
lings  roay  he   transplanted  after  the   first   year. 

Pancy  varieties  are    corairionly  crown  worked  under    glass 
during  the   v/inter.       Weei)ing  and  othuer  ornamental    sorts  are 
worked  upon  the  Russian  type. 


fo. 


NYSBA      (BOfB    GUM) 
Propagated  frorc  seeds  whic)    maj/   "be   sown   as  soon  as  ripe, 
or  St, rat. if. led    \   they  uguall;^  do   not,   germinate  until   the    second 
year. 

OBTPYA      (IRON  WOOD) 
■propaf^ated  froj'i  seeds  which  may  "bo   sown   in  the   spring. 
The  European   speoies  a.re    grafted  upon  Carpinua  Betulua. 

0  XY  DT?.li  WSm      ( SORKBL-TPR}*": ) 
Propagated  from  seeds,   which  should  "be    p;iven  careful 
attent    on  in  order   to   o"btain  the   'beBt  results    in  tiM.    geri&ina- 
tion.        These   trees   are  Y^.ry   seldom  propapated  from  layers, 

PAULO  W  li   I   A 
Propagated  frori  seeds,    sown    in   the    spring   in  a  frame, 

PHST/LODEi^DRON      (CORK   TRKK) 
Propagated  fron  seeds   and    also,     In  rare   caseFS,    from  root 
cuttings.        The  yai'ieties  a.rf:   grafted  upon   the    ooFoaon  stock, 

PHTLA.nPLPKTIS      ( S"VR  IN  r'rA ) 
Propagated  fr o?ti  cuttings    of   the  mature  wood  ;   rAade    in  the 
fall.        It   is   alao   increased  from  green  wood  cuttings   and  from 
seed, 

PHY.oOGARPrTS      (NINE  BAPK) 
Propagated  froin  seeds   and    also   from  exit  tings   of  the   mature 
wood. 


n 


P  L  A  T    A  Ji     US 
Pro2?agated  froit  aec. dg  which   are    gowj-j   in  the    spring.      Also 
increaseo:  from  cuttings  of   the   xnature  wood, 

POPiJLUS      (POPLAR) 

These   trees  produce    seed  quite  freely   ;    these  rii)en   in 
earli^    sununer    and   should  be    sovvn   i.^Liiediately,        They   ai'e    also 
equally  well  grown  froiL  cuttings  of  the  jiiatur'e  wood  taicen   in 
the  fall. 

The  weeping  forrag  are  grafted  upon  stocks  of  the  upripiht 
species  ;  the  stock  most  fenerally  used  being  that  of  Popxilus 
Grandiddentals . 

PEELEA      (HOP  TKRIC) 
Propagated  from  seeds,    sovm   in  the   axitu-iiin,    or   stratified 
until   spring.       Varieties  are   grafted  upon  the   cojnraon   form,   P. 
trif  ollata, 

PRIIl^TUS   SEROTIHA      (BLACKBOIERRY) 
The   fruit,   %'hiGh  is   boms    almost    (^^avj  year  l^y  trees    in 
the    open,   ripens    in  late  August   and  may  "be   collect Hd  by  hand 
froiD  low  trees   or  by  shakin^''  upon  a  canvas.        The   pulp  should 
be  washed  off  b?/  rubbing  with  wet    sand,   and  afterwards  wash- 
ing.       The    surface  of   the    pit  or    stone   should   then  be   dried  to 
precent   moulding.        IPor    preservation   during  the  v/inter   the 
pits   should  be   stratified  in  laoist    sand.        In  the    spring   they 


% 


should  "be   planted   in  di-illa  eight    to  twelve    Inches   apart   and 
covered  one    Lncl    deep    ;    seed  should  Tdr  two    to  three    inches 
apart    in  the   drills.        Plant  in;?;   should  he    done    iniraediately 
after   reFiOvinf^  the    pits  froro  the    sand,    hecause    a  very  siTiall 
amount   of   dryin/^  at    t?r.is   stape    is  fatal.        Seedlings  may  i~»e 
transplanted  when  one    y^.-bt   old.        Mahaleh  and  Mazaard  stocks 
are  used  for  thf^    grafting  of  ornamental  cherries, 

PYPACAMTHA 

PYBACANTHA 
Propagated  from  seeds,   sown   in  the   spring.        Varieties 
are   g:-^fted    ;    the   stocks   used  heinf^  those    of   the  Ka^rt^horn.      P, 
Japonica  is  far  raore  heaiitiful  v;hen   grafted  upon  the  former 
stock  than  when   gi^own  upon  its   o-ivo..  roots, 

PYt^US      (MOmJTAIN  ASH) 
Propagated  from  seeds,    which  are   stratified  during  the 
winter.        These  xisually  lie  dormant   until   the.   second  year. 
Varieties  are  "budded  and  p;rafi:ed  upon  stocks   of    thf-.    coiomon 
spe  c  ie  3  , 

qiJEPiCTTS      (O-AJC) 
Most   of   the    common  species,    and   all  of   the    oaks  used  for 
lijuiiber  are    r^ro'-n  from  seed,    while   the   rarer   species  are   propa- 
gated hy   gr'aftlng,    using   some    of   the    coimxion  species  as   stocks. 
The   acoins    should  he   gathered   as  soon  as  ripen   and   sown  at 
once,    either   in  beds  or   often   in  the    open    grouiid    ;    they  may  "be 
sown   in  drills  or  bradcast.        In  so7/in£  the    seed,   first   loosen 


the   soil   to    a  depth   of   fifteen   to   eighteen  inches    ;    take    soil 
from  the    top  to   a   depth  of  five    inches   and  thr'ow  out    of    the 
hed  iip'on  either  side,    leaving  a  level   surface  ur-jon  which    to   sow 
the   acorns.        These  may  be    sovrn  as   thickly  as   possible    in  a 
single  layer,   after   '•hich   they  i^ay  be   covered  with  the    soil. 
Acorns    if  not    sown  as   soon  as  ripe   may  "be  stored   in   a  cold, 
moist   cellar   or    stratified   in  raoist    sand.        They  sliould   lie 
sown  not   la',er    tJian  t'ne   first   of  Marcli  for   hest  j'esults.        At 
the   end   of    :,h.'o  f.irst,  season  tl  e   youn;,';  seedlings  will  have 
primary  roots  of  often  itiore   tha;i  a  foot   long   and  much  larger 
than  the   stem,        3ee-llin?y3  should  rarely  .eii-iain   In  the    seed 
"bed  for   a  longer   period  tha  >  one  year-,   without      transplanting, 
"because   of  the    gro-sj-th  of   the   vL<T;oroi^   tap  root. 

Oaks  raay  he   grafted    ;    this   is   practiced  to   tlic    greatest 
extent   wit/i.  the  TCioropean  species   aiid  Horticaltural  varieties. 
Budding  is   almost   nerer   practiced.        In   grafting  the   stocks 
used  are  fro.Ti  Q..  Rubra  for    native  oaks,   and  frou;  Q.  RCbur  for 
Kuropean  oaks.        The    types  of  grafts  used  are    veneer  ,   tongue, 
and  cleft    grafting    ;    tlie   first   method  is  most    f-venera3.1y  prac- 
ticed.       Yo-an^  seedlings  s.re  du.g   in  the   fall  a.nd  kept    in  a 
cool,    moist   cellaj-   until   sometime   in  January   or  February  at 
which   time   t/ie   seedliHi^s  aj-e    sorted  over   and  the   stronger    and 
more  vigorous   ones  are   root   grafted.        These  are   set    in  nursery 
rows    in  the    3i)r  inp;   and   left    to    -Trow   for    -wo    years  before  r 
removing. 


f^ 


RHAiiUS      (Bi)CXTHORl^r) 
Propagated  from  seeas   almost    exclusively    ;    these  may  'be 
sowi  in  the    fallor   the    sirring.        Eyergreen  SjXicies  in3.y  t)C 
propa,gat<3d  froM  cuttings   of  the   raati^re  wood,    under   frlass, 
Karer  sorts   are   som-j times   ,=rrafted. 

Propagated  froia   seeds,    whio)'    are  very  Sffiall  8,rid   lip-ht , 
snd  should  be   handled  very  ca,ret\illy.       They  may  best   l^e    sown 
under   glass    in  the    spring  and    covered  with  a  glass  fraxne. 
Seedlings  should  ^c-.   shaded  and    allov;ed  to   rei'.ain  in   tlie   "boxes 
for   a  ye^r,       Rhododendrons  are  exteniaivf.ly   increased    by 
graft in^:^,    usually  upon  R,   xoaxiimiiu  as   a  slock,        (l-raftin-':    is 
performed   in  the   house    ;    the  veneer  metho;<.  he  ing  used,        Layer- 
inp:  is   also  practiced  tf/    sorae  extent, 

RK03XJ  TYPOS 
Prcpogated   frnra  seeds,    similarly  to  Kerria. 

RHIS      (SUMACH) 
Propagated  f  rora  seeds    sov/n    in   tw    sprinf^.        Also    increased 
frora  rnot    crttingB   .-rad  cuttinp^s   of   tht   laatm'f;  vrood, 

ribes      9ciJU-.r-aM.t- 
Prop  i,'Tated  frrm   outtinps   of  either  thf=.    .'TS'"-"  or    the 
mature  wood.        Eyes   r.liould  he   rubbed  off  from  the    lower   portion 


f&. 


o:f  the    cutting.        All  the    p.pecies  i,iay  "br:    increased  from  seed, 
if   necpfssary    ;    in  ',«fhich   case  the    seeds   jmy  1)6    cleaned  "by 
rri'b&iiip:  f-ie    fruit   in  sand.        They  should   thf-.n  "De    at   once   ao-wn 
In  fraiJifis   or    in  boxes    xnAe.r  p^lass  \'7ith  a  sli(ilit    bottom  heat, 

ROB  INI  A      (LOCURT) 
Propagated   from  seei-^s  whic}i  niay  "be   sov>ai  either    in  the 
fall  or   the   sprir.g,        Sofikin<^   in  TP-.ariCi  water  previous   to    the 
sowinp:  assists  thertiin  germination.        Varieties   are   rafted    ; 
the   c  onraon  type,   l\,   Pseudacacia  "beinp;  uaed    aa   a   Btock, 

ROSA 
Roses  rop.y  "be   propagated  hy  most   mxi'  of   the   general  methods, 
cited    ;    the   tvio  rnQst  I'/idely  used,  hein,"  those  of   seeds   and 
cuttings.        (Refer   to  p.    312,   Bailey's   "Husery  Rook. ") 

RTIBTJS      (BRA^'^TJLE) 
Propf:.gated  from  seeds  whiclr    r^ay  he  preserved  ixntil   spring 
if  necessary.        Also    grown  extensively  frora  root    cuttings.   The 
seeds   of  some   species  require   two  years    in  which  to    germinate, 

SAJ.IX      (¥ILJX)W) 
The   cowjtion  and  "best  method  of   propagating  these   trees^   iiS 
from  cuttings.        It   natvyally  propagates  froro  either    seed  or 
cuttings.        Cuttings   of    'hr.   mature  wood  ina..y  he    take.n  from 
vigorous  trees   in  the   fall    snd  calluaed  diiring  the  winter. 


They  are  "best   if  tf?ken  from  vi'eJ.l  rij;jeiied  one   yea,r    old  wood, 
and  iTxade   from  e-if:ht  to   ten  inc'hes   long, 

S  A  K  B  IJ  C  U  S 
These   jrilants  may   Yje    propagated  equally  well,    either   from 
seeds  or   cuttings.        Cuttings   are  taken  from  green  or   mature 
wood  aiid  treated  similai'ly  to   those   of  Poplar  or  Willow,        The 
fnait    is  fleshy,    and   consequently  should  best  he   stratified 
previous   to   sowhi?-:,    or  macerated   and  washed    in  order   to   clean 
the    seeds  t h or  ough 1 y , 

SAI.ISBTFIA 

Propa>gated   frorn  layers    and   r-Iso   from  seed, 

S    A  S   S   A  F  R  A  S 
?rop.5|^p,ted  from  seeds   at'id   also  from  root   cuttings, 

S  11  I   L   A  X 
Propagated  from  sends   almost    exclusively.        Sorietiffies 
increased   froTT;  layering, 

nOLAIItJ]^      (JJIGHT   SiiADlO 
Propa-giated  frojT!   se   ds    and    froiu  ciJ-ttin/^s    of  the  iriature 
wood,    gi'own  under   ;Tlass, 

SORB    US 
Refer    to    Pyruo   (Ash) 


ff. 


S   .'^  I   R  E   A 
Propaf^ated  froiVi  aeeda,    sown   as    soon  aa    i'ipe,   or    preserved 
in   a  dry,    i;ool   pla.ce   imtll   spring.        AlsJO    increased  from 
cuttings    of    the  matiix'e  wood  taken   in  t/v<  iall, 

STAP?^(XEA      (BlAD.nF]R-SfTJT) 
Propagated  froju  seeds   sovtrri   aa   soon  ss   ripe,    or   stratified 
until  spiing.        Thes^    tresis  are    increased  easily  from  layering 
in  the    fall    and  cutting  ai^ay   on   the    succeed  in  ;•■'■  fall, 

SYJVaPHORIOARFTS      (SKOWBEKRY) 
Propagat'^d  f  r  oiii  sec-da,    .vhicn   should   first   'or    cleaned  from 
their   covering   and   sown   iniHiediately, 

SlRISCrA      (LILAC) 
Propagated  fro;fi  seeds,    sov."n   in  t}:e    spring    \    thir  method 
is  adopt6;d  only  with  the  moi  e    coiauion  types.        Varieties   and 
rarer   species  are   increased  froi-i  cuttings    of    the    greenwood 
wtth  'bottoiu  heat.        Grafting:,    when  practiced,    is  perfoi'msd  in 
April  or  May    ;    the.    stodca  used  'being  those   of  S^-ringa  Vulgaris. 

T  E   0  0   ^^  A 
Propagated  most   easily  frora  see^is,  wliic}!  are  often  times 
■^Hvy   irregular'    in   the    quantity'   prod\iced.        Seeds  are   generally 
sown   in  the   spring,        Cojmfnercial  propagators   increasfi   this  vine 
from  root    cnttiTif:?:   and  grafting.        Grafting   is   performed  upon 
the  roots   of  T.  P. ad i cans. 


TILIA      (BA^jSWOOD) 
Propagated  from  seeds,    stratified  during  the  winter. 
Also    increased  I'roiQ  cuttings   of  tP.e-,   irature  wood    ;   the    finer 
varieties   are   grafted  upon   the   more    vigoroiis,    coiwion   stocks, 

ULOTS      (EIAi) 

The    preproduction  of  these   trees    is  frora  seeds.        The 
oval  winf^ed  fruit   is  produced  fre.ffly  each   yea-r,    ^md   ripens    in 
May    J    -jvhen   it    should   be    gathered.        It    is  much  Si\£(\r   to    use 
hoiae   collected  seed,    "uecausft    elm  seed  cannot   Ijb  preserved  for 
mors   than   a  few  weeJcs  w.it]iout    losinp;  vitality.        The   seeds  may 
be   gathered  hy  sweeping  theui  nn   frora  the   pavements   or   by 
spreading   a  large    canvas  bene atli  tlie  tree.        They  should  never 
"be   allowed  to  'become  dry  froin  the   time  they  mat  me  until  ger- 
mination   is   completed.        Seeds   are  sown    in  shallov;  di  ills 
eight   to   twelve    inches  apart  and   covered  one-half   an  inch 
deep    ;   they  are  dropped  quite  thickly.        Seedlings  icay  "be 
transplant ed  at   the    age    of   one  tn  two   years. 

Varieties  of   this   genius  are   grafted  upon  t?ie   oorrjAon  type 
TJ.   Americana, 

V  A  e  6   I  H  I  IJ  M 
These   plants  are   propagated  mostly  from  seeds,   which  ma,y 
l3s  washed  froi7i  thf:    fleshy  coverings   and  stored  in  a  cool 
cellar,    in   sana,   until   early   spring,        Sepin   jx    very   car'efulilj^ 
treated,  will  gr^r;!; incite    in   a  month    ;   "bi.it   the.y    often    lie   dor- 
Boant  for   as   long  aa  a  year.        Root    c^ittings   and    layering    are 
also  used  to    increase   these  plants. 


V  I  i^  ir  R  ]^  (J  j,i 

VroTja.g'.i,t(:a  from  se^ds,   which  ^houlol   best   T^e   stj'atii'if-.  .-^ 
di.u'irjt=:  th(=   ^v Inter,        Tiv:    sev  d  usually  lie    cioj-iiiant    diirinc-  the 
first   year.        Layering   is   also    use  4  as   a  me  ana    of   increasing 
jsaiT'    species,        V,    dents.tiiPi  and  ',''.    opiilixs    ,];ro:v  readily  frcm 
cuttings   of   the   na.to.re  v/ocd.,    tak&ii    .in  the    fall,        Finer  varie- 
ties  are  grafted;    usinc>:  '^',   lantana  and  V,    dentatuii  as  stocks. 


Bee  inethod  for   propagating^  thr    o-rajc ,    in  Bailey's    "[^iir- 
3er.y  Book. " 

WISTARIA 
Proyapiated  froTn  sef.ds,    sown    in  flatsuundei-    glass,    in  the 
spring,  with  ■bottOTTi  heat.        Seeds  smy  Le   covered  to   a  deith  of 
one    Inoii,        Seedlings  should  "be    potted  and  kept    in   a  warm 
frame   for    a  few  weeks    anri   late]-   place 'l   in  a  cold  fraiue   to 
remain  for    a  season.        Layering/  is    practiced    in.  the   autumn  or 
early  sprinf^    i    the    layered  slioot   may  tie    detached  from  the 
parent    plant    durlnf?  the   succeeding  fall,        Inc;rea0in'5-  hy  means 
of  cuttings   of    the    (rature  wood,    .^nd.    front  grafts   ia  cororaon, 

■     XAl^TKOXYLON 
Propagated  from  seeds   and    :-j1so   fiom  joot   cattinf^s,        Seede 
shoiild  he    sown   in  the    spring. 


160. 


ABIJ;S        (PIR) 

These  trees   are  most  easily  propagated  from  seeds  which, 
with  few  exceptions,    are  produced  quite  freely.        The   cones 
are  ripe   and  the    seeds  ready  for   collection  dixrinf^  Septemher 
and  Octoher.        As  with  the   other  conifers  the   seed  should  he 
gathered  "before   the  cones   ox)en ,    at  which   time   a  greater   or 
less  percentage  are  shed  and  lost.       The  method  of   ohtaining 
seed  frora  their    coverings   is   the   same   as  that  adopted  with   all 
the  cone  hearers,  and  descrihed  on  a  preceding  page. 

Cones  should  he   stored  in  a  cold,   dry  room  until  March  or 
April,   this  varying  with  the  climatic  conditions,   at  which  tiiae 
the  seed  should  he    extracted  from  the  cones  and  sown  upon  the 
seed  hed   ;   each  cone   contains  ahout  500   seeds.       The  hest 
method  of   sowing  the   seed  is  that  known  as  broadcast    }   upon 
seed  heds   ahout  four  feet  wide,   consisting  of  well  worked  soil, 
of  a  free,   open  textiire  and  clear  of  weeds    ;   the   seeds  heing 
of  good  size  should  he  sown  rather  thinly,    allowing  sufficient 
space  for  the  young  plants  to   develop. 

Press  the    seeds  down  upon  the   swface    of  the  hed  with  the 
"back  of  a  spade  or   light   roller,    and  cover  with  one-half  to 
one   inch  of   fine   soil.        On  ^^.ry  dry  days,   and  when   subjected 
to   the  effects  of  drying  winds  and   sun  the  hed  should  he 
screened   ;   this   is  also  often  necessary  when  the  young  plants 


101. 


are  showing  through  in  order  to  keep  off  the  "birds  which  pick 
the  husk  of  the   seed  at  the  top  of  the   plant,   thus  "being  knG?m 
to  destroy  an  entire  "bed  in  a  few  hcurs. 

The  seed  "beds   should  he  covered  on  frosty  nights  smd 
shaded  from  the   sun  during   the  heat  of  the   day,    the   covering 
may  "be   matting  or   laths  as   descri^bed   in  chapter  Under 

careful  treatment   the  seeds  germinate   in  ahout    six  weeks    \   at 
this   time   the  young   plants  are  very  tender   and  too  much  mois- 
ture will  rot  them    ;    in  a  single   day's  time  plants  at  this 
stage  laay  "be  killed  f  r  cm  over  watering  or  excessive  exposure 
to  the   sun, 

Yoiang  plants  should  remain  in  the    seed  "bed  imtil  the 
followin     spring  and  generally  for  two  years    \   they  should 
then  "be  removed  to     "blocks   in  the  nursery,  previously  prepared, 
to   receive  the   seedlings.        In  all   operations  of  transplanting 
great  care  should  he  exercised  that  the  roots  of  the   young 
plants  are  not  exposed  to  the  dry  air  for  an  unnecessary 
length  of  time.        The   seedlings  should  "be   transplanted  at  a 
distance   of  six  inches  from  row  to  row  and  three   inches  apart 
in  rows,    If  taken  from  the    seed  bed  the   first  year    ;   while    if 
taken  the   second  year   the   distance  should  be   12  inches   and   six 
inches.        In  planting,    the   earth   should  "be  pressed  firmly 
a'bout  the    roots  and   in  exceptionally  dry  seasons  the  rows 
shoiild  "be  watered   once  or   twice  every  week.        Plants  should  he 
shaded  to  protect  from  wind  and   sun  until   the   young  roots  have 
taken  hold,   after  which  time    it   will   be    only  necessary  to   keep 
clear  from  weeds. 


10^. 


Here  they  should  remain  for  two  years,    and   if  well 
handled  may  then  "be   planted  out    in  the   forest  plantation,    or 
elsewhere,   where  they  are  to   remain  permanently   ;   "but    in  case 
larger   plants  are  desirr.d  they  had  "better  "be  transplanted  a 
second  time   into   the  open  nursery  allowing   a  greater   space   for 
furt.her  d-velopment.        The  Tsest   time  for  transplanting  is 
April,    just  "before   spring  gro^wth  starts    ;   moist  weather  will 
"be  very  advantageoiis   to  "best   results   in  this  work.        The    dis- 
tance  in  the  nursery  rov/s   shotild  "be   at    least   four  feet  from 
row  to  row  and  two  feet  asunder  in  rows,    sitfficient   space  "being 
allowed  to   excite  good  root  development   and  ease  of  removing 
withoxit  unnecessary  cutting  of  the  root   system   ;    this  is  espe- 
ciajt'ly  de  sir  aisle   if  they  are  to  "be  removed  at  a  time  for 
nm"seryraen's  retail  trade.        In  planting  to  the  nursery  the 
esisiest  way  is   to  draw  'a  line   across  the  field  and  along  this 
line  laake   a  trench.        In  this  trench  the  young  stock   is   placed 
and  the    earth  well  compacted  al)0ut   the  roots    ;    the   degree   of 
tamping  depending  upon  the  tejcturr^  of  the   soil, — a  light    soil 
requiring  more  than   a  heavier   one.        Most   species  of  firs  may 
"be  removed  at  a  height  of  six  to  seven  feet    \  "but  those  of  two 
feet   are  much  "better  adapted  to   transplanting  and  will   in  time 
develop  into  "better   specimens  than  will   thosf.   taller. 

While,    as   stated,   most    species  of  this  genus  are  readily 
propagated  "by  seed,    it   happens   once    in  a  while   that  certain 
species  produce  fertile   cones  very   seldom  and  that  finer  vari- 
eties are  "better  ©"btained  "by  other   methods.        The  most  usual 


^1 


/Oh. 


method  is   that  of   grafting.        This  is   practiced  with  Abies 
Amabalis,    and  GrandiB   to   a  gi-eater  or   less  degree.       While 
many  olairn  that  the    pla.nts  of  the   latter  grown  from  grafts 
are  not   as  magnifi  cent  as   thosv^j  from  seed,   yet    in  sections  of 
the  coimtry  the  scarcity  of  good  seed  is  such  that   grafting 
must  "be   resorted  to.        The   stock  most   coramonlj/  used  for    the 
Pirs  is  that  of   the  European  Silver  Pir    (Abies  Pectinata). 
The  method  of   grafting      is  that    generally  used  with  conifers 
and  described  under  the  head  of  grafting;  of   conifers. 

The  more  cormaon  species,    as  Abies  Balsaiaea,   and   Concolor 
are    quite   easily  propagated  from  cuttings    ;   these  being  taken 
with   a  hee^  and  placed  in  a  propagating  hoivsR  y/ill   root   in 
foui-  and   five  months. 


^m 


fCOAP.IA 

These  trees  are  propagated  almost   equally  well  hy  seed 
and  by  cuttings.        The  se-d  are  quite  as  Large  as  Brazil  nuts; 
and  are  emitted  freely  from  the    imiTiense  cones,   by  drying 
gradually  in  a  warm  room.        It    is  recommended  by  authorittes 
th^t  the  l3est  method  of  planting  the   seed   is  to    "hold  them  by 
the   thick  rounded  end  between  the   finger  and  thumb   and  to   push 
the   pointed   end    into   the    soil  at   cm   angle   of  45   degrees,"     The 
seed  may  be  planted  quite  thickly  and  should,    in  this  climate, 
be  given  a  slight   amount   of  heat.        The  radicle  will  descend 
into  the   soil   in  from  three  to   foi;r  weeks    ;  hut    the   first  young 
shoot  will  often  not    appear   until  the   following  year   or   even 


;¥;^' 


10^. 


eighteen  months   after   planting.        The   seedlings  should  be 
transplanted  when  they  have   attained  a  height   of  four  to   five 
inohe  s . 

When  propagated  "by  cuttinfi53.    the   cuttings   should  be   taken 
from  the   leading  shoot  a  otherwise  the  young  pl,ants   are   tyaite 
apt   to  he  unsymraetrical   and  hranohlike.        The  treatment   of   the 
cuttings   is   the  same   as  that  r e oomiTiended  for   coniferous  cutt- 
ings  in  general. 

The   larger   nuiaher   of   Arsnc arias   are    imported  in  the   seed- 
ling state,   from  Belgiiua  to   this   country.        In  the   former 
country  the    raising  of  these   plants    is    one   of   -^he    leading 
specialties     in  many  nurseries, 

CEDRIJS      (GEDAE) 

These  trees  do  not  "begin  to  hear  seed  until  they  are  of 
considerable  age  and  size,    seldom  before   they  are  fifty  to 
sixty  years   old. 

They  are  propagated  by  seed,   treated  with  few  exceptions 
siiflilarly  to   those   of  other  conifers*       Both  the  Lebanon  and 
the  Deodar  are  raised  fraa  seed,    in  the   nurseries    ;   however  in 
some    sections   it    is   seldom  that   good  ripe  seeds  are   produced. 
Hence   many  se  d  are   imported. 

The  cones  of  the  cedars  are  very  resinous  when  first 
gathered,   and  should  be   left    for   a  year   after  being  taJcen  from 
the  tree  before  the   seeds   are  removed.        During  this   time  much 


1,   Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture 


/Oi) 


of   the   resinous  charaxiter  of  the   oones  has  passed  off  and  the 
seeds  have  ■become  hardened.        The   seeds  may  "be  Taest   taken  from 
the  oones  hy  steeping  cones   in  ^^ater  and  splitting  them  open 
soon  afterwards.        Seeds  will  keep  for  many  years  without  los- 
ing their  vitality,    if  properly  stored.  They  should  he  sown 
in  April,   and   covered  ahout   five-eighths   of  an   inch. 

Culture  of  the  seedlings  is  same  a,s  that  outlined  for 
Spruce,  Pir,  Pinr;,  etc.;  they  maj/-  he  transplanted  when  one 
year  old, 

CHAMABCYPARIS 

These  trees  are  propagated  from  cuttings,  most  extensively; 
the  method  of  making  and  caring  for  cuttings  is  outlined  fully 
in  the  chapter   upon  that   suhject. 

Many  species   are  propagated  from  seed,   which  are  quite 
small   and  easily  ohtained   from  the  cones.        They  are   sown  on  a 
verj'-  light   earth  and.  rarely  covered  to  a  depth  of  more   than 
one-eight}i  of  an  inch,^       It   often  happens   that  many  of  the 
seed  will  not   germinate  imtil  the   second  year    ;   at  two  years 
of  age  the   seedlings  should  he   transplanted. 

In  most   of  these   trees  the    cones   remain  upon  the   tree   two 
years  hefore  ripening  and  hecoraing  raattire.        Hence  there  are 
verjr  apt   to  he  two  sets  of  cones  upon  the   same  tree  and 
collectors   should  he  careful   to   select   only  the   ripe  cones, 


1.  Chapter  upon  Seeds 

2,  Chapter  upon  Seeds  and  Seed  Beds 


JO^^. 


which  aiay  T)fi   readxl;/  recognized  fro;fi  their  <iry,   'brownish 
appearance,    as  compared  v^fith  the  younger    set  of   cones  vrhich 
are   03"  a  greenish  color,    hard   a-nd  succulent.       Both  sets   of 
cones    are  of  ah  out   the  s.-^me    sizie   and   shape,    ahout  the   si^e   of 
a  "bullet. 

Horticultural  varieties  and  tender   species   are  often  jriost 
easily  produced  froro   ^afts.  The   stocks  ussed  are  Charoas- 

cyparis  Pisifera  ard  Gupreasus  LawBoniana, 

nilPPvESSTTS      ( CYPRESS ) 

This  genus,  often  confused  with  Chamaecypsaris,  is  propa- 
gated "b;/  the   same  methods  as   employed  for  the   latter, 

CupresBus  Lawsoniana  is  however  best  prodticeri  "by  cuttings 
or  grafts,  because  when  raised  from  seed  t-he   seedlings  are 
very  apt  to   shO'-v  a  decided  variation  in  size,   form  and  hahit 
cf   growth    ;   although  the  seed  used  may  he  all  collected  from 
the    same  tree, 

C,  Lawsoniana  is  the  stock  used,  iipon  which  to  graft,  as 
it  is  the  roost  hardy  and  one  of  the  easiest  to  propagate  from 
cuttings, 

JimiPEBTJS      (JTINIPER) 
These   trees  are  propagated  -^^.rj  readily  either  from  seeds 
or  from  cuttings.        The  berries  when  ripe,    in  the   fall  may  be 
gathered  and  buried   in  sand  for  a  year  or  they  m^r  be  soaked 
for   some   time   in  warm  water,   then  mixed  with  sand  and  kept 


1,   Chapter  upon  Grafting 


/Y 


slightly  racist   until  the   follov/iiig  year.        They  jioay  "bs  planted 
in  tho   fall  a  year  from  the   tirae  they  w©re  gathered  or  kept 
until  the  following  spring.        If  plant  fid  the   saaie   season  that 
they  are   gathered  they  will  lie   a  whole   yeai-    in  the    ground 
■before  vegetating.        In  the   former   ca&e  ,    germination  should 
take  place  a  few  weeks  after  sowing.        Seedlings  will  grow  to 
a  height   of  from  two  to  four    inches  during  the   first  season, 

The  method   of  jiropagatiori  frow  cufcoings   is  as   deseritjed 
for   the  ot?aer    trees  of  this   group  under   the  head  of   cuttings, 

Piner  varieties    arf:   grafted  upon  Juniperus  Vii-giniaaa  as 
a  stock, 

LARIX      (L.AKCH) 
These  trees   ai-e   propagated  almost    excl\'.sively  from  seed 
which  are  "borne  in  small  upright   cones  that  fall  during  the 
second  yea,r,   and  are  produ.cod  plentifully/-.        Seed  should  "be 
gathered  from  trees   standing   in  airy  places    ;    iDe cau.se  the 
larch  J   being   intoleral>le   to  sJuide,    it    is  here   that   the   best 
and  most   vigorous  specimens  are  apt   to  be  found.        As   a  rule 
the   cones  of   these  trees  require  much  labor    in  order  to   extract 
the   seed.        The   cones  should   be    ;^pread  in  the   avm.   or  kiln 
dried,    and   also  threshed   ;    after  vrhich  they  may  he   dravm  aside 
and  thF.    seeds  reruoved.        It   is    i-ecoinmended   th-it   all  seed  so 
obtained  should  be    viit   in  a  heap,    spi'lnkled  vfith  v/ater   to 
moisten   thoroughly,    left  for  two   to    thref,   hours   and  then 
spread  out  to   dry,        A  temperatwe  of   over  130   degrees   in  the 


/o 


lof. 


Jciln  often  destroys  tte   vitality  of  the   seed. 

The   seeds  should  "be    sown   in  the   spring   in  carefully  pre- 
pared  beds    in  shallow  drills   six  inches  apart,    and  covered 
lightly  one-fourth  inch  with  fine  moist   earth.  The   seedlings 

should  he  transplanted  after    two   years    ;   the   larger    seedlings 
156 ing  placed  farther   apwt   than  the    sanaller   ones.        In  trans- 
planting these   trees   it   is   quite  essential  that    the   work  should 
■be   done   in  very  esa'ly  spring,   as   the  huds  start   early  and  a 
disturhance  of  the  roots  after  growth  has  once   hegun,  means 
serious  injury  to  the   seedlings. 

The  Weeping  Larch  and  forma   of   the  European  Larc?i   are 

"best   produced  hy  the   general  methods  of   grafting   and   inarching 

2 

applied  to   conifers, 

LIBOCEIS^vUS 

Propagated  most  readily  frora  seeds,   which  should  l>e   sown 
in  the  spring,   ana  treated  similarly  to  those  of  Thuya  and 
others  from  the   same  group. 

It  may  also  he  propagated  from  cuttings  of  either  the 
mature  or  the    gi'een  wood    ;   the   former  "being  preferable,       l?or 
treatment  of  cuttings  refer  to  Cl-tapter  upon  cuttings, 

PICE  A     (SPmCE) 
The  methods  of  propagation   applied  to   this   genus  are   very 
similar  and   in  raai^y-  cases  identical  with  those  used  for   the 


1,  Chapter  on  Seeds   and  Shading 

2,  Chapter   on  Grafting 


iA~f 


lOf 


genua   Abies.        Spruce  trees  "bear  seed,   as   do  ma.n.i'-  other  coni- 
fers, much  more  heavily  during  some   years  than   during  others. 
The  Norway  Bpriice,    for   example,   is  considered  a  heavy  seeder 
and   generally  "bears  a  full  crop  every  two   or  three    years.      The 
cones   come   to  maturity  in  Septemher   or  October  and  these  often 
cling  to   the   trees   until  late   in  the    season,   often  remaining 

until  Pehriiary   and  March,    at  whic'    time   seed  B'say  be    seen  upon 
the   surface   of   the    snow.        The   seeds   BX^i   light    and  winged  and 
hence  they  are   easily  carried  "by  the  wind  for   great   distances. 
The   seeds  of  the  Norway  Spruce  may  easily  be  shaken   from 
the   open  cones    ;   while   those  of  Picea  Alha,    if  taken  "before 
the   cones  are    quite  nature,    also   come   frora  the    cones  res>jdily, 
if   spread  upon  the   floor    in  a  warm,    ^rv  room  and  stirred  occa-* 
s tonally.        With  Picea  Mariana  it   hecomes  necessary  to   place 
the     cones   over  heat,    sometiraes  raisin?^  the   tepiperature  .nas 
higB  ais  130  degrees  ?,   and  continuing  it  for  three  to  five 
hours,   "before   the   seeds  are   ready  to  "b-.   taJcen   out. 

If  carefully   stored,   the    grrreinating  power  of  these  seed 
may  "be    retained  for  froru  three   to  five  yeaj-s    ;   the   vitality 
remaining   longer    if  the  wings   are   not    detached.        In  sowing 
the   seed,    those   as   large   as  Picea  Al"ba  shoryid  "de   covered  to   a 
dept.h  of   one-third  of  an   inch    ;   those  as    small  as   Picea  Mari- 
ana should  l:)e    covered  mucji  less.        Sowing   in  drills   ia   prefer- 
a"ble   to  the   troadcast  method  "because   of  tht-.  ease   of  vieeding. 
The   shallow  drills  should  "be   six  to   twelve   incheH  apart    ; 
seeds  may  "be   scattered  one- fourth  to    one -half  inch  ap:-irt. 


//>< 


110. 


Germination  takes   place   in  from  tiir-ee   to  f.we  Treeku,    and   during 
the   first   yeai"   t?ie  young   plants  should  attain  a  height    of  one 
and   one-half  to   two   and  one- half   inches.        The   see-dlinejs  should 
remain   in  the    seed  "bed  for-   a  period  of   tv-ro   years  heforo  traiiB- 
planting.        During  the   first   year  the   seedlinf^s  shov.ld  "be 
shaded    ;   hut    diarinp-  the   second  year    it    is   not   necessary  except 
under   ahnoraal  oonditions, 

Spriices  Ksay  he  proT)ap:ated  from  cuttings  T/yith  comparative 
ease  and  the  finer  varieties  and  species  ar«; ,  a.s  a  rule,  pro- 
duced from  grafts.        The   union  of  the   stoch  and  scion  is   very 

\ 
quick  and  easily  ohtained  under  the   proper    conditions.  Picea 

Excelsa  and   Picea  Alha  make  ths  "best   stocks    ;    and  the  method 

of   grafting;  most   imiver sally  adopted  is  that   known  as  veneer 

grafting, 

PliJTIS      (PINE) 
The  "best  and  almost   the   only  method  hy  which  these  trees 
are    ohtained  is  froiri  seed.        The  seed  of  this  tree  are  ripe 
during  the  latter  part  of  September  and  8>re  best   gathered  h;-^ 
the  method   described  under   "Collection  of  Conifer  Seed";    if 
delayed  until  the   cones   are   too  ripe  the   seeds  fall  and   are 
lost    in  being  c^srried  away  by  the  ?/ind.        The   cones   are  best 
if  gathered  before    fully  matiired,    as   it    is  quite  easy  to   place 
thera  in  the   sun,    under  whicti  conditionB  they  vrill  usup.lly  dry 
and   erait   t  be    seed  with    little  difficulty.        Various  devices 


1.   Chapter   on  Grafting 


///. 


and  metliods  are  employtid  for   extracting  seed  of  cone  Ijeai^ing 
trees    ;   tl^ese   are;  cleaoriLed  in  tlieir   plaoe. 

Pine   seed  may  'oe   sown  at   alrrtost   any  season  of   the   year   if 
the  conditions  are    favorable   to   germination.        The  raost  favor- 
able t liae   ia  froiu  t>ie    la«t  of   Marnh  to  the    latter  part    of 
April    ;   aft!::r  'neinp;  sown   the   seed  he.d  should  be   shaded    by  one 
of  t-'3.ft   various  Biethods ,    usually   lath  screens   or    pine  boup^hs. 
The   seed  are   generally  sown  'oroadcast.    ui)on  very   lif:ht ,    almost 
sandy   soil   and  covered  ligjitly   j    tJie  covering  varyinrj  with  tiie 
species  to  wl-iich  the    se  d  ''oelongs.        If  the    spring  he  very  dry 
the  had  sliould  he   kept   soraewhat  laoist     hy  laeans  of  frequent 
waterings,    as  the   co>e]  ingH   of   the  seeds  ar-e   of    sucji  a  degree 
of  hardness  that   they  nef;d  luoisture   to    vegetate. 

After   the)   seedlings  oorae   u.;    the  had  should  he  hut   spar- 
ingly v7ateredj    and  shaded   froio  the   sun  especially  durinp;  the 
heat   of  the   day.        In  -ve.ry  dry  aeaaons  the    seeds  have  "oeen 
known  to   reraain   In  the   seed  bed  foi'   ruontha  before   germinating. 
T.f  weather   and  so i \  oonditionB  are  favorable   and  conducive  to 
jp  od   i^ro-^th,    thF.    seedlings  s^iot^ld  appear    in  frora  five  to   six 
weeks   after  the    tiroe   of   sowing.        The   aarae    general  directions 
as   t/iose   given   for  Pira  and   Spruces  may   thereafter   be    observed. 
If  watered  too   Jieavily  or    if  Stiffioient    ligi-Lt    an-l  air   .is  with- 
held, thf-,    ideal  conditions   foj-  the    destruction  by  fungiis 
diseases   exists.        The  result   is  that   tlie  yoimg  stems  rot   off 
and  large   numbers   of    the  young  seedlings  are  de^5troyod, 

The   gr owtii   of  Pine   seedlings   is    f/ oja  one   to    tviro    inclies 


II&- 


durinp  the    first,   ye^ar  and  v>fhP,:a  two   years    old  the,y   range  frora 
three  to  five   inches   in  heip:ht.        After  one  year  the.    seedlings 
shonld  he   transfer  red  from  the    seed  hed  to    the   nur'serv    hlock, 
^'J-e   yoim£'  plants  "beinf^  y^vy  tender,    great  care   should   be   exer- 
cised to   prevent   drying   out    ;    this    is   done    by  choosinp;   if  possi-fS' 
ble   a  cloudy  day  for  t rartsplant ing ,    and  placing  the   seedlings         | 
in       shallo^^"  pans    of  water",    tnus   oonveyinfr  then  to    the   place 
T?here   they  are   to   be    plant  .'id.        They  inav   be   planted  in  "beds   in 
rows   four   inches  each   way  and   thu-,    oeds   covered  with   lath 
screens   in  order    that   they  may  be   shaded  froia  the    intense  sun 
until  firinly  rooted.        Seedlings  '/r}:lch   reraain   in  the   seed  bed 
v;rhei  e  they  were   sown,   die  away   in  patches,   and    those   surviving 
xiQ^^'x   grow  as  vigorously   as  those  v,'hic}i  are  pricked  out  when 
yoiOTg,        In  these   f)ed3  the   plants  may  remain  until  the   follow- 
ing spr.ini;:,    by  whicii   tirae   they  ivill  be  fit   to  trajisplant    into 
the   jiursery  rows, 

Piner  varieties  of  this   genus  8.re  often  grJil"i,ed  upon 
related  species  of  the  more  coiimaon  types.        The  most    comraon 
stock  is   that  of  Pinus  Sylvestrxs,    auid  the  method  is  that  of 
-^%u^^.Y   grafting, 

Bjudding 

This  TJiethod  has   been  adopted  frorr;  tiroe   to   time   as   a  means 
of  propagating  certain  var-ieties   of  t.>;e   Genus  Pinus,        It  is 
performed  as   follovrs    :    "as   soon  <is   the    .^irowt)!  of   the   pine   is 
nearly  coroplete   for   the   year,    and  while    the   shoot,    is   still 
soft,   the   ternlnal  bxid  is  nipped   out.        During  the    following 


//^. 


year   a  fascicle   of   leayes  ". ai:ftn  oi't  with  a  pi?. oe  oT  'bark,   as 
in  the   usual  ruetli.ort  of  'lyaddlng,   ano    inBertf^i  into    thr.   naai-ly 
Hiaturfi  yotms  shoot  of  a.'i,v'   congenial   stocj<  will   unite   quite 
freely,        Tjie   chief  objectJ.o.a   to  t/'is   rfiethoi.is,      that    including 
the   preparntion,    it   reniilrea  thref-.  ye^rs  to   olitain  a  plant    of 
0  \xf  f  t  c  ie  nt    a  i  a  e ,  " 

PSl^UDOToliaA      (DOTK^LAS    SPhUCE)' 

Iiike  t}'?.    otjiei    trees   of   tj'iis  .gi'outi,    the   DouglB,s  Bprnoe   is 
propagated  aluioa!-,   excl-j.i-iivBly  ""oy  raeana  of   seed.        These  are 
produced    in  aijiindajice  anil  are   very   easily  rGKOvea  frori   the 
asKiall  cones,        ThOiaas  Bougies   ifritea  Vfins    :    ♦'The   seed  of 
Pae-udotsuga  ^jenninate   readilv'    ;   hut    like    the  Pir    seed  they 
rapidly  lose  their   gfiruiin-itinp;  powers  witli   age,"        He   fu)-tl-i.er 
says    that ,    "Seed  froii   '.^ibqb  .growing   in  the  valleys    and   the 
foothills  of  Colorado  will  not  pro6.MCifi   treea   that  ar<-;  hardy 
north  of   the   Oliio  Rivfir.        There   is    no  differance  hetween 
trees  produced  fro/a  valley   seed  and  f i  ora  jnou.ntain  set;ds.        The 
fonaer   have   s.nort   ,^'ef:ri   leaves  and  a   stunted  look    :    the   latter 
have  lonp;er    leaver,    a  laore   glaucous  ajopearaiioe  and   .gr'eat 
rapidity  of   gj-owth."     Hence   it   is   seen  tha':   care   should  h^ 
eaeroissd  in  tlie   selection  of   seed  frora  whic}i.  to    i^cm  seod  for 
different    looali'..  les. 

Method ;-5   aaopted  for   t'fie   Sprue fc   and  ?ir   apply  to  this 
genua. 


//■f. 


fiCIADOPITYB      (iJlffiBFLLA  PUCK) 

Tliese   tress  ai'e   propagated,    preferably'   from  seed,    although 
tliey  grow  well  fr oxri  cuttings,        Tlie   see-d  from  which    it    i3 
growxi   are   iiaportad  as   a  r-XLe  fro.m  xta  native  coimtry, 

vOuttings  of  the   half -ripened  wood,   taken  dur'in,»:   late 
summer  or   early  fall    strike  root,    qrats.  readily, 

SEQIJO I A      ( WlilLLIN^T  OMI  A) 

The  he  St  rtiethod  of   propagatinf!?  these  trees  is   from  seed, 

X 

which  should  he  soTim   in   a  fra^.e    or   s-naded  place. 

Cuttings   of   those  trees  vfill  strike  root   quite   as  readily 
as  many  coniferous  trees  if  treated  as  reooraiiaended  for  cutt- 
ings of   this   group.        If  pood   promising  shoots  are  taken  for 
cuttings   one  will  o'btain  sjTraoiet)  ioal  plants    as  a  result   and 
they  will  not  have  the   tendency  tc    the  "branchlike    characters 
of  some   of   the   coniferous  cuttings. 

The   f/Olden  alid  the  v<3riegatcd  varieties   are    grafted  tipon 

2 

the   types 

One    instance   is  recorded  in  >.'}Uch  a  tree  had  upon  it    some 
variegated  and  sorae   clear  green  hranchlets,        Cuttinp;^   of  "both 
kinds  were   taken  frc/a  the  tree   atid  in  the      spring   and   in  Octo- 
"ber   all  of   the   youn^  plants  were  alike    and  each  prodiiced  a 
variegated  appearance. 


1,  Chapter   on  Seeds 

2,  Chapter-   on  Grafting 


/IS. 


TAXODITO      (BAIT^  CYPRESS) 

Thie   is  propagated  ty  sefds,   sown   in  the    sprlnfr  s.nd   also 
"by  cuttings   of  the  raature  wood  placed   in  very  wet   sand  or  even 
water.       Loudon  says   that  Taxodliain  cuttings  root    best    in  water. 
It    is  very  diffic^ilt   to  root    in  the   ordinar:"'-  cutting  l^ed   as 
used  for    rriost    other   conifers, 

^.en    grafted,    the    stock  used   is   that   of  Taxodi'-JBi  distiohum. 
It    is  recoiriffii-'nderi   that  the    graft  ing-  should  he  peEformed    in 
August   or  SepteBJlDer  out   of  do  oris,   and   in  early  spring,    under 
glass, 

T   A  X  TI  S 

These   trees  are   propagate;d  froio  seeds  and  ciittin,^.        The 
seeds  are   enclosed  within  a  fleshy  cover in.o;  and  are   of   such   a 
characte)    tlmt   they  do  not   gerniinate  until  the   second  ^ear. 
They  may  he    sown   an;/  tiv/.e   froin  ?<Iarch  to   OctCoer   or   they  may  "be 
stratif i'^.d   iioixiediately  aft^r    gathe;rxng   ;    if  sowvi  as   soon  aa 
rl^j)r'.   they  shoule    be   cleaned  of   their   pu^-p  Pind  after  he ing 
dried  they   are   i-eady  to   sov?. 

Seedlings  should  he  trwisplant ed  at  two  y^^hx^  of  age,  a.nd 
during  t>ieir  youth  they  should  be  ahad.f.d  as  these  trees  tlirive 
heetj   wlien   youn.?,   \v ithoi.it   too  great  an  amcioi-it    of   sunlight. 

Grafting   is   often  practiced    ;   the-    stock  used  he  ins  that 
of    t}ie    coroiuoxi  species,   Taxus  Baccata,        These,   planv. s   root 
alowly  frovi)  ciittings   arni  when  so   propagated,    are   tjeated  th.e 
Bame   as   conifer  0113  cuttin.^3    in  f^eneral,-^ 

1.   See  Chapter   on  Cuttings 


1/6. 


T   H  II  Y  A 

These  plaints  should  "I'S    propp-t^ated  in  one   of  t';vo  ways    ; 
fro:m  sep.ds   or  cuttings.        It   is   the   gsneral  T^ractiGS   in  this 
country  to  propagate  froiti  outtinga    ;    in  Eiu'ppr,   the   general 
method   is   that  of   seed. 

Seeds   should  be   sown   ir,   the .  fjprinfs,    30on   a,j?ter   ripenin,?^. 
These  often  lay    in  tht;    ground  foi    two  years   before  geminating, 
Seedlings   should  "be  well   shadfjd   ditrinff  tha  first   ■'jf39.r  and  it 
Ir  he!"^"   to    shalter   slightly  durin*'';  the   succeedin,-'  vidnter    ;    in 
the  follov/inj^  sprinv^;  they  rari,y  be   transplanted.        Miller   says, 
"whei'eyer   possible   thes6;   plarttft   Si-o\>.ld  be   propao:atfid  hr.caT?.Be, 
after'   the.   first    two  years,    the   seedling  plants  will   gi'eatly 
outstrip  the   others   in   growth,    ano\  the   plants  will  grow  with 
the  ir  br  anche  a  rauo  h  c  1  os  er ,  " 

These  plants   are  also  largely  propagated  from  cuttings, 
taken  frcjiu  Octobsr  to   J.'">nu -Ji^y   and  treated  as   outlined  for 
coniferous   cuttings    in  general,        in-ip.n  grafted,    the   stoclcs 
used  arn    those  of  Thuya  Occidenta.lis    \    these  being   irnv.orted   in 
the   seedling  fonu  from  Suj-ope, 

T   H  U  Y  0   p   3   I   S 
This    genus   is   propagpvted  froin  well  ripened  :'aard'wood  cutt- 
ings  taken   diirinp;  the   months  froia  October   to   kS ?xsx\xB:rY »        The 
cuttings  are  made   and   trea,ted  the    same   as  those   f r  oio  the    other 
trees  of   t}' is  opijoslte  leaved  group,    including  Thuya,   Chamae- 
oyparis,    etc.        Render  says   that   plants  produced  from  cuttings 


usually   gj'OMV'    Into  buBhy,    roimd  headed  specirneiis    ;   lieiice  he 
prefers   seod. 

Varieties    are    gi'afted  upon  stocks:   ol    Tluiya    ;   TDut   i-he.   pro- 
ducts   are    s'J.d  tr    i^e    ahort   liTedj   hence  1)y  soioe  the  method  of 
Beedage    is  conaidored  the    best.        There   is    little   differ'=?rioej 
howevfr.r,   l)(>tw66n  grcwinr  i'rora  seed,  and  fro^..  cuttings    ;    it  is 
neTerthelf>S6  a   fact   that   nxirseryiTien  propagate  this  a3.inost 
entirely  from  cijttinTiD, 

T  0  H  R  K  Y  A 

Torreya   is   proj^agatr. d  perJiaps   rriost   easily  froia  seed, 
which  are  rather   large   and  covered  Iry  a  thickened  j?hell.      They 
ar-e  treated  similar  to   Ooriifer  se^d   in  general,   and  plajits 
■grovf  mr<.o3i  faster   froia  seed  than,  rrom  cuttings. 

These  trees  are   alp.o   .'p-o^v-^ti  fro-o  cuttings  and  froru  grafts. 
Cuttings   gro5.r  vary   slo'^-/!;.'  and  usually  remain  'bushy,        'par 
grafting  Cephalotaxus    i^^  frecruently  uaod  as   a  etock  upon  which 
to   grow  the  finer   x'-arieities  of   Torreya, 

TSUfM.      (HFJiaOCK) 
The  rfioqt    general  nethod   of  propas^ating  theae  ti-eea   i# 
f roxn  seed,   which   altTnough     produced  abundantly,   thejy  have   the 
lowest  percentage    of   germina,tion  of   -dmy  of   the    conifers.        The 
aeedfi   are   shK-   froa;  the   cones  at  dif fH^-ent   x^erioda  of  the.   year 
ranging  frorc  autumn  until   zhe  following"  spring    ;    fertile 
seeds  jiavs  he-en  found   in  the   conss   :~^ii    late    a.s  th^:?   latoer   part 


./Z! 


lit 


oi"  April,        They  ai-ft   so^-i  on  seed  'beds  rjuI   c"j.rt!d  for    Kl;-ailar 
to   the   seed  of    other   coniiers. 

The  young  seedlin^'  plants  £3.re  ^f'^.r^j  tender    and   Quite   sas- 
cept.Lhl'^^   t(5    unfavorahlf.   condxtj.ona  of   .nioist'iue   and  s-anlight. 
They  are   c.apaJ:ile,    hmvcrer ,    of  endurlnr  a.   -reat   rar.f^e  of  climatic 
and   other   c  o  nd.lt  .i  onB  .        kf>   seen  in  tiie   table;   of   growths,    tlBae 
trees    are  the   slovyest    of    all  the    sfieoied   durin^"-^  their    seedling 
state  * 

Often   it  ■becorries   necessary  to  j^roduco  rarer  v.^xieties 
other   t>ia;\  -d^''  ser-d    ;    chi'o   is    done-:  hy  ^-^r^il't  In/r  upon  Tauga  Cana- 
d'f5nRia   as   a  stock,-^ 


1.   See  Ohaptfir  on  Graftijig; 


/// 


DISEASES  OP   GO^IZRK    SBEDLINGS 


The   study   of   insect   and  fungous   diseases  of   seedlings   is 
yet  a  suljject   to   be   thoroughly  investigated.        There   is  prac- 
tically no   literatiire  l»earing  directly  upon  seedlings,    and  the 
article   cited,   the   sunffiiary  of  which   is   here-    given  is  the   only 
article  I  have  found   of  the    sort, 

A  fungous   disease   called    "cawping   off"  sometimes  causes 
thousasids   of   little   trees    to   wilL   and  die  when  hut  a  few  weeks 
old.        It    is  best  prevented  "by  not    allowing  the  seed  "bed  to 
hecoine  too  moist,   and  "by  keeping  up  a  free  circulation  of  air. 
All   se.edlings   attacked  hy  the   fungus  shovtld  he  hurned,    and 
"beds   in  which  diseased  plants  occur   should   not   he  aga,in  used 
for  thf;   same  purpose. 

There  is  also  an   insect   of  some  kind  which  injures  coni- 
fer cuttings,   "by  stripping  the  hark  off   in  patches    ;   hence 
causing  inuc?L  damvage.        If   of  sufficient   vitality,    some   of  the 
cuttings   often  recover  froin  the  ravages  of  this   insect,    and 
healing  the  wound  as   seen  in  Plate  emit  roots   and   con- 

tinue to   develop. 

The   Scotch  Pine  v/hich   is   one   of  t?iC.    most   prolific    of  the 
seed  hearers  develops  very  few  ,se8dling3    in  the   natural 
forests.        The   seedlings  may  hp^    seen   in  large   nuinhers  from  l^y 


//J 


I-^'O- 


to   SepteniDer,   and    allowing   8O/0   to   perish    Dy  the   nat^jral 
agencies,    to   the   affects  of  which  seedlings   are  exposed,    one 
still   SRes   in  but   rare  easBB   a  onf:  year   old  seedling  in  a 
clear  Scotch  Pine   forest. 

The    eKpl;^nation  of  this   fact    is,   that   t?'e    dead  foliage  of 
this   tree   decays   less  rapidly  than  th^t   of  most   trees    ;   the 
process  of  decomposition  is    asaistsd  by   several  saphrophytic 
fungi    ;   the   mycelia  of  which   permeate  tiie   layer   of  decaying 
needles,    immediately  helow  the   sur'f  ace .        The  roots   of  seed- 
lings  push  freely   into   this   layer,    and   it    is  ?iere    that  the 
seedlings  receive  their   injuries.        It    is   in  or    iKmediately 
alDove  this  layer   that   the  majority  of    seeds   geraiinate   and  the 
young  seedlings    invar- iably  perish   in   it  within  a  few  days 
after  sho-?ring  theois elves  ahove  the   siirface.of  the    ground. 
That   the  moiild  itself   is  the  chief  f a,ctor   in  their   destruction 
seems   entirely  protahle.        An   important   authority  hns  examinsd 
thousands  of  these  seedlings    gr-owing,    or   that  were   growing 
upon  this  mediui'G  in  the   shade   of  the   Pines,    ^.vA  found  two   out 
of  every  three   that  were   growing  in  this  mould- infested   area 
to  "be   either  dead  ox    dyinp;  "before  they  had  pa,ssed  two  weeks   of 
existence.        The   possftion  of    tlie   seedlings  usually  affected  is 
the  upper   part   of  the   ra'-Iicle,   which  dies  or   "damps  off**   in 
the   same  way  as   seedlings  of  annuals  vrhic):  are  kept    in  a  con- 
fined atsnosphere    in  a  crowded  condition. 

The   strong  peculiarity  to  be  noted  in  the   damping  off  of 
the   Pine   seedlings   is   that   the   central   axis  of  the   plant    only 


// 


lAl 


appears  to  "be   affected  ty  the  fungi,    and  not    the    secondary- 
roots,   when  tliese  have   had  timf;   to  deTeloij.        When  the   seed 
germinates    in  moss,   or   any  other  mediiam  of  sufficient   depth 
that  raay  overlie  the    fun,<-:roidal  area  or   layer,    the   extremity  of 
the    radicle   inay  he   o"b served  to   perish  after  reacjiing  the 
layer    ;  hut   thf:   portion  above,    that  has  not   oorae    In  cont<act 
with  i^;   thi-ows   cijt   secondary  roots,    and   soraetimes  a  pseudo- 
radicle,   vrhich,    althou{?;h  reaching   the  dry  natter,   appears 
unaffected  hy  it,    althouph  the   plant   usually  failB  to  estahlish 
itself   in  the  ground.        The  exact   stage   in  the  seedling's   life 
at  which   death  enH\:es  varies  much,        Soiaetiiaes   it   occurs   hefore 
the   cotyledons  have  properly  expanded    ;    a.t  other   times,   and 
especialljr  in  wet   -roather,    it   appears  to   survive  much,  longei', 
hut   in  all   cascB   it   takes  place  while   the  tissues  of  the  yoimg 
plant   are   still  soft   and  succalent. 

That  this   fungoidal  layer,    in  itself,    is  fatsJ.   to   seed- 
lings,   and  that    their   decay   is  not   due  to   any   atmospheric  con- 
ditions caused  by  the   shade   of  the:   trees,   is  probable  from  the 
following   observations.        In  fht   first   place,   wherever  the 
surface  has  been  cleared  of   this  debris,    either    by  an  artifi- 
oi-^1  a.-^ency  such  as  dragging  of  timber,    or  by  natural  caases, 
such  as  being  washed  off  by  heavy  rains  from,  the   fjround  having 
considerable   slope    ;    and  seedlings  have   gericinated  upon  these 
Ijared  spaces,    they   invariEtbly  thrive  liiore  or   less   if  unmolested 
by  vermin. 

Seedlings,   too,   frequently  germinate   upon   the  decaying 


/' 


4m 


roots  of  out   trees,    ai^d   even  ia  the    fissures   of   t3ae  "osxX  of 
stand.i.n[i   ones,    and  may   somet-iiries  "be  fcund   several  year's    old 
in  auc>   situations.        Here  the  roots   penetrate  "between  the 
"baric  and  wood  of  the    stvizup,   or  between  the  scales  of  the   "b^rk. 
This   instance   seems   to    dispose   of   any  theory  that  might    con- 
sider the   shade  of  the   growing  trees  to  be   the   cau3e  of   the 
decayr^':  and  also   of  another    ;    that    thy   damping   ofx"  of   the    seed- 
lings was  caused  by  lack  of   noui-ishunent « 

Before  this   theory  could  "be   entertained  it  nrast   first  "be 
explained,   ho?r  it   is  that  the   seedlings  of  larch j   spruce, 
silver  fir  and  various  ha-rdwoods  are  a-ole  to   exist   in  the   same 
material  as  that   in  which  Pimis  Sylvestris   seedlings  die   off   ; 
for   seedlings  of   a3.1   tJie   former   trees  may  "be  foiJind  to   exist   in 
the  fungi-infested  de'bris,    and  apj;arently  unaffected  "by  it, 
althoiig?)  many  of  thexa  are    (Larch)    quite   as  delicate   and  lia"blB 
to    injury  as  these  trees.        Moreover,    that   the   latter  tree  is 
ahle   to   ohtain  a  fotting  in  situations  where  many  other  plants 
would  perish    is  proved  "by   its  esta-Tjlishing  itself  upon  the 
face  of  almost  iDare   rooKs   and  in  other  i,mf avorahle   positions    \ 
while    its    indifference   to  the  matter   in  whicJi   it   grows  is 
equally  marked   ;    for   healthy  seeiiin^s  are  found  to    {-row   in 
pui'e   sawdust,   ashes,    decayin'^  v/ood  and     even   in  the   holes    in 
old  fir   stuiaps  from  which  aninials  had  made  their  exit* 

Although  the   fungoidal  lajrer  is  "believed  to  "be  the   main 
factor   in  the  destrxiction  of   the    seedlinf-;  plant,   there  are 
pro"bably  other  agencies  a.t  ivoi-k    in   the   same    direction.        In 


m§. 


t,?ae  thick  woods,   an  Aphis,   pxeys   upon   the   young  roots   aiid 
filsrils  of   the  trees,   principally  attacking  those  roots  growing 
in  the   deoayint':  xaatter.        Althougli  extre^iiely  rnxsn-jrous,   these 
ap]iides   appear   to   do  no  estimalDie  daxiiage    to   trees   of   any  age    ; 
"but  with  the   seedlings   the   case  sjay  "be  otherwise.        They  attack 
aeedlingo   at  ail  stages  of   their  first   annual   grovrth,   £i,nd   at 
any  portion  of  the  roots  frequently  congregating  arouni  the 
collar,    and  appear  to   kill  off   a  great  iuany  that  have   geroiinat- 
ed  in  places  nearly  free  from  the  fungi.        It   is   protiafcle   that 
the    seedling,   even  when  not   act'uall;,'    desti'oyed  outrif^ht   "^y 
them,    iB  yet   so   weakenc-d  at^   to    loo  unaoie   to  \».'ithstan.i   the 
ordinary  vissicit a ies  of  life    to  vvhich  it   is   exposed    ,    -uid 
thus  the   Aphis  may  'be   said  to  be   chiefly   instrumental    in   its 
destruction. 

Such  appear  "'-o  'iio   the   two   general  agents   in  ohstruct  ing 
the  regeneration  of  the  Scotcii  Pine  vroods    j   such  h.^  been 
shovm  not    to'&e  th?    case  witli  oth'- ;    spenies   3r:enticn;;d  preTX- 
ously.        It   is  not  peculiar   to   the   pine  genus,       Wlien  the  fact 
is   takf.n   into   consldei'ation  tJiat    the  Scotch  pine   seed  jaust 
have  tieen  shed   in  ffi.f   greater  quantities  thai*  tiiose   of   the 
W6,yTaouth  pine,    the   presence   of  the    ssedliiv^s   of   the  latter, 
viewed   in  conjiinction  wit3->  the    3l)sence   of  such    i;.  the  foriaer, 
goes  far   towards  confirming  tie    theory   that    the   Scoter    pine 

stands  al/noat   alone    in  ixgard  to   th&a  peculiarity   in  natu)al 

1 

reproduction. 


1,   Transactions  of  Kif3a,    and  Agr'l  Soc  ,    of  Scotland 


J^J 


/-?f 


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ij).l 


/^f. 


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C^  G.fJ  £,tZ  A  i- 


